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Female Reproductive System: Anatomy and Function

Explore the anatomy and functions of the female reproductive system, from the ovary, uterine tube, to the uterus. Learn about ovarian follicles, ovulation, corpus luteum, and the menstrual cycle. Dive into the details of endometrial layers, menstrual phases, and more.

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Female Reproductive System: Anatomy and Function

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  1. summary • ovary: produce ovum & secret steroid hormones. • uterine tube: transport ovum+fertilization • uterus: where embryonic & fetal development occurs. • vagina • external genitalia

  2. 一、ovary • capsule：epithulium + albuginea. • parenchyma：cortex + medulla • cortex：ovarian follicles + CT. • medulla：LCT + elastic f + blood vessels

  3. ovary

  4. （一）ovarian follicle • Follicle = an oocyte + surrounding follicul cells. • 4 steps : primordial、primary、secondary and mature follicle 。

  5. 1. Primordial follicle • location: beneath the albuginea. • small & more. • primary oocyte + follicul C • primary oocyte : round , eosinophilic.

  6. ovary

  7. Primordial follicles

  8. Primordial follicle

  9. 2. Primary follicle • primary oocyte. • Follicle C→proliferate，squamous→cuboidal or columnar，simple→stratified. • Zona pellucida: homogeneous.

  10. Cortex of ovary

  11. 3. Secondary follicle • Primary oocyte: size increase to the apex. • antrum: follicular fluid, 6～12 layers of granulosa cells.

  12. Secondary follicle

  13. Follicle C : granulosa C. • stratum granulosum：formed by several granulosa C , the wall. • Cumulus oophorus：primary oocyte + zona pellucida + corona radiata + granulosa C. protruding into the antrum

  14. antrum Cumulus oophorus Granulosa cells

  15. 4. Mature follicle • secondary follicle→mature follicle • follicular fluid • the wall • move towards the surface of ovary. • primary oocyte →secondary oocyte

  16. Mature follicle

  17. Mature follicle

  18. （二）ovulation • Mature follicle rupture，secondary oocyte + corona radiata + zona pellucida + follicular fluid, expelled from the follicle.

  19. fate of secondary oocyte after ovulation • In 24h, degenerate and disappear if not fertilizing. • Or else，go on with the 2nd meiotic division，form haploid mature ovum.

  20. （三）corpus luteum • Definition : after ovulation，the follicular wall, composed of the remaining granulosa & thecal cells , is thrown into deep folds as follicle collapse and is transformed into the corpus luteum. Show a yellow appearance in fresh preparations.

  21. 2. Functions of luteal cells • granular lutein C：progesterone & relaxin. • theca lutein C：estrogen

  22. 3. Classifications of corpus luteum • corpus luteum of menstruation : is formed in the absence of fertilization. • corpus luteum of pregnancy：is formed after fertilization and implantation.

  23. 二、uterine tube • infundibulum+ampulla+isthmus+uterine part • lumen is irregular • wall= mucosa+muscularis+serosa • mucosa= simple columnar Epi.+basal lamina • Epi.= secretory C + ciliated C • muscularis : inner circular, outer longitudinal SM

  24. Uterine tube

  25. Mucosa of uterine tube

  26. Mucosa of uterine tube

  27. 三、uterus • body+fundus+cervix • wall=endometrium+myometrium+perimetrium

  28. uterus

  29. 1. endometrium • Function layer: superficial, undergo cyclical changes. • Basal layer: deeper, proliferate & repair function layer. • Epi=secretory C+ciliated C. • Basal lamina=CT+stroma C+ uterine gland . • Uterine gland: Epi. Invaginate to form. • Coiled artery: the branch of uterine artery.

  30. Cilia on the columnar C of endometrium

  31. 2. menstrual cycle • cyclical changes of Function layer • exfoliate、bleed、repair & proliferate • occur every 28 days, called…。 • menstrual phase: first 1～4 days • proliferative phase: 5 ～ 14 • secretory phase: 15 ～ 28

  32. 1. proliferative phase • Also called follicular phase。 • Epithelial C+stroma C proliferate。 • Early : uterine gland sparse、thin & short. • later: endometrium become thick, uterine gland increase ，coiled artery go up and convolute. • Ovulation in overy，endometrium transform into the secretory phase.

  33. proliferative phase of endometrium

  34. 2. secretory phase • Also called luteum phase. • Endometrium continue thickening. • Uterine gland highly convolute，swell，filled by secretion. • Stroma C hypertrophy. • Coiled artery increase，more convoluted. • If ovum is fertilized，endometrium keep thickening ，till into decidua，or else，into menstrual phase.

  35. secretory phase of endometrium

  36. 3. menstrual phase • If fertilized occurred，coiled A contract，endometrium ischemic lead to necrosis of function layer. • Brief periods of blood flow，blood flow into function layer. disruption of the surface epithelial C & rupture of the blood . Wash out patches of tissue separated from endometrium discharge through vaginalis.

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