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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by one endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream and targeted toward cells in another organ. - specificity - receptor - distribution. Chemical Identity of Hormones Steroid hormones 2) Biogenic amines 3) Peptide hormones.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System

  2. Hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by one endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream and targeted toward cells in another organ. - specificity - receptor - distribution

  3. Chemical Identity of Hormones • Steroid hormones • 2) Biogenic amines • 3) Peptide hormones

  4. 1) Steroid hormones • Estrogens • Progesterone • Androgens • glucocorticoids • aldosterone • - derived from cholesterol

  5. 2) Biogenic amines • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Melatonin • thyroid hormones • Synthesized from amino acids

  6. Peptide hormones • Hypothalamic hormones • Pituitary hormones • Pancreatic hormones • GI hormones • - are peptides

  7. Water Solubility and Membrane Permeability Hydrophobic Membrane-permeable Steroid + thyroid hormones Hydrophilic Membrane-impermeable All other hormones

  8. Effects after hormones bind to their receptors • 1)Synthesis of new proteins (enzymes) • 2) Alterations of activities of proteins that are already present

  9. Effects of Hormone Concentration

  10. Effects of Hormone Concentration

  11. Hormone Deactivation Hormones have short half-life (< 2 min) in the plasma.

  12. Hormone Interactions • Synergistic effects • Two hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects. • Permissive effects • Only in the presence of one hormone, the target organ responds to a second hormone. • Antagonistic effects • One hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

  13. Posterior Pituitary Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Kidneys reducing urine output 1) ADH vasoconstriction blood vessels Uterus, Labor contractions 2) Oxytocin mammary glands, milk ejection

  14. Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects follicle/egg or sperm 1) FSH Ovaries and Testes development (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) 2) LH Ovaries and testes Ovulation/growth of corpus luteum (Luteinizing Hormone) 3) TSH Thyroid gland Growth of thyroid gland Secretion of thyroid hormone (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

  15. Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 4) ACTH Adrenal cortex Growth of adrenal cortex (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) secretion of glucocorticoids 5) PRLMammary glandmilk synthesis (Prolactin) Testes enhance secretion of testosterone

  16. Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 6) GH Most tissues tissue/organ growth, cell mitosis and differentiation (Growth hormone or somatotropin)

  17. Hypothalamus hormones

  18. Hypothalamus Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) TRH Pituitary Promotes TSH and PRL Thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion 2) CRH Pituitary Promotes ACTH secretion Corticotropin-releasing hormone 3) GnRH Pituitary Promotes FSH/LH secretion Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 4) PRF Pituitary Promotes PRL secretion Prolactin-releasing factor

  19. Hypothalamus Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 5) PIF Pituitary Inhibits PRL secretion Prolactin-inhibiting factor Dopamine 6) GHRH Pituitary Promotes GH secretion Growth hormone-releasing hormone 7) GHIH Pituitary Inhibits GH/TSH secretion Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone somatostatin

  20. Pineal Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Melatonin Brain Regulate timing of puberty; influence mood 2) Serotonin Brain Regulate timing of puberty; influence mood

  21. Thymus Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Thymopoietin/ T lymphocytes Promote T lymphocyte Thymosins development/activation

  22. Thyroid Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Triiodothyronin (T3) Most tissues Stimulate Na+-K+ pumps, metabolic rate, heat production, alertness, protein synthesis, fetal and childhood growth, and CNS development 2) Throxin (T4) Stimulates calcium deposition and ossification; reduces blood calcium concentration 3) Calcitonin Osteoblasts

  23. Parathyroid Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects PTH Small intestine, Kidneys, and Osteoclasts Stimulates calcium absorption and retention; promotes bone resorption; elevates blood calcium concentration Parathyroid hormone

  24. Adrenal Gland

  25. Adrenal Medulla Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Epinephrin Complement action of sympathetic nervous system 2) Norepinephrin Most tissues 3) Dopamine

  26. Adrenal Cortex Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Aldosterone Kidneys Promotes Na+ retention and K+ excretion; maintains blood pressure and volume 2) Glucocorticoids Most tissues Promote fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair; inhibit inflammation Cortisol/Corticosterone

  27. Adrenal Cortex Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 3) Androgen Bone, muscle, Integument, many other organs Stimulate growth of pubic and axillary hair in both sexes; stimulate libido; negligible effcts in males compared to teststerone from testes

  28. Pancreatic Islets Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Glucagon Primarily liver Stimulates glycogen and fat hydrolysis, mobilization of glucose and fatty acids, and gluconeogenesis 2) Insulin Most tissues Promotes glucose and amino acid uptake and synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

  29. The Ovaries Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Regulates egg production; stimulates adolescent growth; promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics; prepares mammary glands for lactation; prepares uterus for pregnancy Estradiol Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, brain, many other tissues Estragen

  30. The Ovaries Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Progesterone Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, many other tissues Stimulates mammary development in puberty and pregnancy; prepares uterus for pregnancy InhibinAnterior pituitary Suppresses FSH secretion

  31. The Testes Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Testosterone Most Tissues Regulates sperm production; promotes development of male reproductive system and physique; stimulates adolescent growth, libido, and sexual behavior

  32. Heart Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Increases Na+ excretion and urine output; lowers blood pressure ANF Kidneys

  33. Kidneys Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Calcitriol Intestines Increase absorption of calcium Erythropoietin Red Bone marrow Stimulate RBC production Renin angiotensinogen Stimulate production of angiotensin I

  34. Liver Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Blood vessels,adrenal cortex, hypothalamus Stimulates vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and thirst Angiotensi-nogen Erythropoietin

  35. GI tract Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Gastrin Coordinate secretion and motility in digestion GI tract and its accessory glands Secretin CCK (cholecystokinin) GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

  36. Placenta Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Promotes fetal growth; regulate pregnancy; prepare mammary glands for lactation Estrogen Maternal and fetal tissues Progesterone

  37. Exercise

  38. 11.Digestion is a process to ___. A.take food into the mouth B.take absorbable nutrients into blood stream C.break ingested food into absorbable forms D store food in the digestive tract

  39. W2. Which of the following forms of nutrients cannot be directly absorbed into blood without digestion? • A.Proteins • B.fatty acids • C.vitamin A • D.glucose

  40. 33.The primary dietary carbohydrates are starch, which are ____. A.Monosaccharides B.polymers of glucose C.polymers of amino acids D.polymers of fatty acids

  41. 44. Fats or triglycerides ___. A.can be absorbed without digestion B.are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids, then absorbed in the small intestine C.are digested into glucose, then absorbed in the small intestine D.are digested into amino acids, then absorbed in the small intestine

  42. 55. Which of the following is not secreted by gastric glands? A.pepsinogen B.trypsinogen C.HCl D.intrinsic factor

  43. 66. Which of the following is not a function of gastric acid? A.activating pepsinogen. B.digesting connective tissues in the ingested food C.destroying ingested pathogens D.activating pancreatic enzymes

  44. 77. Intrinsic factor has the function of ___? A.activating pepsinogen B.helping absorb vitamin B12 C.helping absorb vitamin B6 D.activating pancreatic enzymes

  45. 88. Pepsinogen is able to digest ___. A.proteins B.fats C.starch D.none of the above

  46. 99. Food digestion is completed primarily in ____. A.stomach B.small intestine C.large intestine

  47. 110. Gastric motility and secretion is ____. A.inhibited when food is ingested into the mouth B.stimulated when food enters the stomach C.strongly stimulated after chyme have entered the small intestine

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