Tuesday 3/17/15

1. Tuesday 3/17/15 • AIM: How are species related? • DO NOW: Why do scientists develop theories? Are theories facts? Why or why not? • HOMEWORK: Text read pages 375-377.Reading check pages 375 and 377

2. Theory • An explanation to a natural phenomena • After a hypothesis is tested and yields the same results theories are developed • Theories change if scientific results change • Ex: abiogenesis: life just appears randomly • NOT TRUE

3. Scientific theory of the origin of life

4. Francisco Redi:disproved abiogenesis

5. Louis Pasteur

6. Louis Pasteur • Pasteurization: boils liquids to kill microbes • He found microscopic organisms live in the air and water surrounding us

7. 1920’s Alexander Oparin and John Haldane: postulated conditions of early earth

8. Theory of primordial Soup • Hypothesized the early conditions of earth • Boiling oceans, volcanic eruptions, lightning storms • Atmospheric gases methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (H2O). • Energy sources electric current through lightning storms and sun’s UV light • Early earth’s conditions interacted to form amino acids and small nucleic acids

9. Tuesday 5/5/14 • AIM: How were the first cells developed? • DO NOW: What were the conditions of early earth? Could you survive in them? • HW: Textbook read pages 380-381. RC page381

10. 1953 Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

11. Miller and Urey • Actually created a closed system simulating early earth conditions • Observed small simple organic compounds were formed • Amino acids • Nucleic • Supports primordial soup hypothesis

12. From amino acids to the protocell • Amino acids combines to form proteins • Proteins evolved into RNA • RNA into DNA • Somehow cell membranes were synthesized it is still unclear how

13. How did the first types of cells develop? • Small organic compounds combine to create some types of membrane surrounding molecules and nucleic acid • This was called a protocell

14. Wednesday 3/18/15 • AIM: What is the scientific explanation for the origin of life? • DO NOW: In your own words explain the scientific explanation of the origin of life by primordial soup. • HOMEWORK: Text read pages 375-377. Answer the reading check questions on pages 375 and 377

16. First cells • Prokaryotes: no nucleus • Most likely archaebacteria

17. How then did we go from single celled prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

18. Lynn Margulus: endosymbiont theory • 1960’s explains how eukaryotic cells arose • Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells • Evidence is seen in the DNA of both chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes which has more similarities to prokaryotic DNA and not eukaryotic

20. Alternative theory of origin of life: Deep sea vents • Life originated in the hydrothermal volcanic vents in the deep sea • Chemosynthesis: used the digestion of living things to make food • Photosynthesis uses light To make food • Chemosynthesis uses digested molecules to make food

21. Assessment • In your own words explain the scientific explanation of the origin of life by primordial soup

22. AIM: What are some pieces of evidence for evolution? • DO NOW: In your own words explain the scientific explanation of the origin of life. • Homework: Textbook Read pages 423-426 questions 3 and 4 pg 430

23. Organic Evolution

24. Organic Evolution • The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor, just as you and your cousins share a common grandmother. • Biological evolution, simply put, is descent with modification. • Small-scale evolution (changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next) • Basically offspring displays different traits than parents • Large-scale evolution (the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations).

25. Organic evolution • Looks at the mechanism of change • How does change happen

26. Thursday 3/19/15 • AIM: How do scientists determine common ancestry? • Do NOW: What is descent with modification? • HOMEWORK: text read 380-381. reading check on page 381

27. Darwin’s descent with modification • Each generation shows a slight variation from the prior • Successful variations remain in the gene pool • Unsuccessful variations are removed

28. Organic Evolution • Changes in the genetic characteristics of a population over generations b) Genetic changes alter: proteins produced by organism • Changes in proteins affect the physical trait

29. species • A group of organsims capable of mating and producing fertile offspring

30. Family Tree Diagrams • used to show probable evolutionary relationships • some interpretations • multiple species can evolve from a single ancestor • many species have become extinct

31. Evolution • Change over time • Natural selection vs Artificial Selection • Natural selection: environmental conditions are the selecting agents • Artificial selection: humans are the selecting agents

32. Theory of evolution by Natural selection • Nature chooses the physical trait best fit for survival

33. Evidence for Evolution • Fossils Evidence of a living thing show structural changes (skip to slide 48) II. Comparative Sciences • result from common ancestry • the greater the similarity, the closer the evolutionary relationship and the more recent the common ancestor • III. The geological record • IV. Biogeography (Pangea)

34. Fossil Formation: law of superposition • The relative age of a fossil is determined by the layer of rock it is found in • Lower layers are older than top layers • Older. Simple organisms(lower layers) are common ancestors to more complex (upper layers)

36. Comparative Studies looks for Similarities Between Species 1. Cytology 2. Anatomy (structure) 3. Development embryology 4. Biochemistry

37. Friday 3/20/15 • AIM: what are some pieces of evidence to change over time? • DO NOW: explain how the fossil record can help determine common ancestry • Comparing fossils in the same layer as well as to prior layers allows us to determine relatedness

38. Cytology • cells with similar organelles appear in virtually all species • similarities in cell structure suggest that all organisms may have evolved from a single ancestor

39. Comparative anatomy • Compares the physical structures of organisms within different species • Homologous structures • Analogous Structures • Vestigial

40. Tuesday 3/24/15 • AIM: How can we determine common ancestry by analyzing physical structures? • DO NOW: Choice 1: List and describe the different branches of comparative sciences • CHOICE 2: 1- Comparative __________ analyzes the developing embryos of different species. • 2- _____________ structures are similar in both structure and function. • 3- Comparative biochemistry studies ________. • HOMEWORK: Evidence of evolution analysis questions

41. Pair and share • 1- Which comparative study analyzes homologous and analogous strutures? • 2- What information can we get through the analysis of homologous and analogous structures?

44. Comparative anatomy • Compares the anatomical structures of different species to try and determine a common ancestor

45. Homologous Structures • structures in different species that are truly similar and develop in the same way • ex: vertebrate forelimbs • result from common ancestry d) may now be used for different purposes

46. Analogous structures • Similar in function but not structure • Gives evolutionary information about the natural environment the organisms were exposed to • Does not give common ancestry • Ex: wing of butterfly (chitin) • Wing of bat (bones)

48. Vestigial Structures (Vestiges) • useless structures “left over” from ancestors • ex: snakes have small leg bones inherited from their lizard ancestors c) human vestiges include: • appendix • coccyx (tail bones) • tonsils

50. Comparative Embryology • different species go through similar stages of early development Studies the embryological development of organisms