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What is in a scientific article plus DNA Structure and Function

This article provides an overview of what is typically included in scientific journal articles, with a focus on DNA structure and function. It explains the different sections of an article, such as the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The article also explores the relationship between DNA and genes, highlighting their role in storing and passing on information, as well as their impact on diseases such as sickle-cell anemia.

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What is in a scientific article plus DNA Structure and Function

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  1. What is in a scientific articleplus DNA Structure and Function Bonus #1 is due 10/02/08. Bonus #2 is due 11/25/08.

  2. Scientists communicate by publishing their findings in journals…

  3. What is in a journal article?

  4. What is in a journal article?

  5. Basic info: who, what, where, when

  6. The abstract is a summary of the rationale and results.

  7. The introduction has background information.

  8. What is this?

  9. References are how scientists cite other people’s ideas or data. (Castrogiovanni et al., 1998) Castrogiovanni P, Iapichino S, Pacchierotti C, Pieraccini F. 1998. Season of birth in psychiatry: a review. Neuropsychobiology 37:175–181.

  10. Using other’s ideas or data is fine, but not citing where the information came from is plagiarism. (Castrogiovanni et al., 1998) Castrogiovanni P, Iapichino S, Pacchierotti C, Pieraccini F. 1998. Season of birth in psychiatry: a review. Neuropsychobiology 37:175–181.

  11. Materials and methods or other synonymous sections detail how the experiments were done. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To investigate the influence of birth season on examination marks, we used the (anonymous) examination results from 1995–2001 of undergraduate students at the University of Vienna, together with their dates of birth…….

  12. The results section details the outcomes of the experiments. RESULTS The distribution of scores attained by male and female students is associated with their birth season (see data in Table 1)………

  13. The results section details the outcomes of the experiments, and refers to the tables and figures in the paper. RESULTS The distribution of scores attained by male and female students is associated with their birth season (see data in Table 1)………

  14. Figures are graphical representations of data.

  15. Sometimes tables are used.

  16. The discussion is where the results are explained and related to other research.(sometimes it is combined with the results) DISCUSSION We find that examination scores are related to season of birth in both female and male students, indicating that there could be some biologically significant underlying ontogenetic or early life-history mechanism………

  17. What is in a journal article? Bonus #1 asks you to submit an article relevant to class.

  18. How is information transferred between cells?

  19. How is information transferred between cells? Fig 9.2 Different strains of bacteria are injected into mice.

  20. How is information transferred between cells? Fig 9.2

  21. How is information transferred between cells? Fig 9.2

  22. How is information transferred between cells? Fig 9.2

  23. Fig 9.2 What has happened to the bacteria?

  24. DNA is the transforming agent Fig 9.3

  25. The Structure of DNA If these two can win a Nobel prize… James Watson and Francis Crick

  26. Data showing uniformity of DNA structure. Rosalind Franklin Fig 9.13

  27. Fig 9.8 Nucleotides have a sugar backbone

  28. Fig 9.8 This subtle difference in structure has profound effects.

  29. Fig 9.8 Plus four different bases

  30. Together with a phosphate = nucleotide Fig 9.9

  31. Fig 9.9 Together with a phosphate = nucleotide

  32. Fig 9.11 Connect nucleotides by covalent bond = strand

  33. Fig 9.17 DNA is typically double stranded The strands are connected by hydrogen bonds

  34. Fig 9.17 • Base pairing in DNA Figure 7-10

  35. Fig 9.18 • Two representations of the DNA double helix Figure 7-9

  36. Fig 12.1 DNA stores information, but does not do anything. The information must be expressed to be useful.

  37. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  38. DNA Composition: In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~97% does not directly code for amino acids In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time.

  39. Length of human DNA in each cell DNA from a single human cell is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide Width of DNA

  40. DNA Composition: In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~3% directly codes for amino acids ~10% is genes In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.

  41. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  42. Five Perspectives of a Gene

  43. Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information.

  44. Genes act as units of heredity… storing and passing on information.

  45. Genes are seen as a cause of disease

  46. Genes are seen as a cause of disease

  47. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene Fig 16.1

  48. Fig 12.1 Genes code for proteins

  49. Genes code for proteins… • Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. • They act as: • Enzymes • Structural Support • Transporters • Signals

  50. Genes act as switches, controlling development

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