Native peoples of North America

1. Native peoples of North America Culture and life

2. Early Human Migrations

3. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

4. The Mayans

5. Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula

6. The Mayans • Expert Astronomers • Great Mathematicians • Good architects though were not able to complete the arch • Great warriors • Active Merchants (Used cocoa as currency) • Social Structure • Advances in medicine

7. Mayan Economy • A trade system existed through which salt, obsidian, jade, cacao, animal pelts, tropical bird feathers, luxury ceramics and other goods flowed. • Goods from the highlands were traded with those of the lowlands. Obsidian was made into tools and weapons. • People either bartered goods directly or exchanged them for cacao beans

8. Social Structure • The Social Pyramid • Priests • nobles wealthy • commoners and low-level govern officers • slaves and servants Priest

9. Architects • Build magnificent temples and places for commerce and games

10. Mystery Question: • Debate over why several sites are shown to have been abandoned? • They left site due to natural disasters • They left site due to overcrowding • They abandon commercial and religion sites but did not move

11. Demise of the Mayas • Natural • Ecology • Soil exhaustion • Water loss and erosion • Savanna grass competition • Continual burning of soil led to end of original forest and converted into man-made grass land. • Problem, Mayas did not have toil equipment

12. Demise of the Mayas • Catastrophes • Earthquakes • Hurricanes • Evolution • Main idea was that social collapse occurred due to over population and lack of food supply • Disease

13. Demise of the Mayas (continuation) • Social • Demography • Higher rate of female to male ratios led to a collapse of social order • Social Structure • Invasion

14. Demise of the Mayas (continuation)

15. The Inca Empire

16. Background • Empire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile • Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco • Official language: Quecha

17. Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti - the sun god • combined features of animism, fetishism, worship of nature gods • offered food, clothing, and drink • rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals

18. Events leading to Rise and Fall • 1438: Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) • 1400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million people • 1525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named • 1532: Spanish arrived in Peru • 1535: Empire lost

19. Important Positions • Local governors responsible for exacting labor tax which could be paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural work • Coya carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca absent • Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains Inca conquered

20. Political Philosophy • Policy of forced resettlement ensured political stability • Officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, crops • Use of road system strictly limited to government, military business • All land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each harvest • Private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starved • No written records; oral tradition preserved through generations

21. Economic Developments • constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road system • metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold • developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesia • resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain • created woven baskets, woodwinds

22. Military Expansion • Attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples, assessing tribute • Program of permanent conquest, establishing garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conquered • Conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru

23. Cultural Conflict & Cooperation • Religious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors’ campaign against idolatry • Spaniards superior military technology • horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, armor, steel swords and lances • Incan Bronze Age weapons • llamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrows • Division & discontent among Inca, Spanish played on old feuds • Disease brought by Europeans • Survivors felt gods were less powerful than those of conquerors • Incans believed that disasters marked world’s end

24. Today • Descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Peru • Combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technology • Rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two • Towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population • Indian community close-knit, families usually intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperatively • Religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities

25. Arctic/Subarctic Peoples • Inuit living in the arctic region are the direct descendants of a prehistoric hunting society that spread across Canada from Alaska and centered on capturing massive bowhead whales. • This culture quickly adapted to the harsh conditions found in the arctic. • Not only were whales, seals, fish and caribou abundant, but also large forests were found in coastal areas. • Wood was a rare resource in remote arctic areas and needed for making tools, boat frames and numerous other articles, as well as used as fuel for cooking.

26. People hunted game in all seasons of the year for food and material to craft articles needed for everyday life. • They traveled in one person kayaks and larger umiaks framed with wood and covered by seal skins • They wore clothing made from the pelts of seals in summer and caribou in winter • They lived in skin tents during mild seasons; and settled during winter either in earthen huts banked by sods with a roof supported by whale ribs and shoulder blades, or in snow houses called igloos, ingeniously shaped from blocks of hard snow.

27. Northwest • The Northwest Coast area extended along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to northern California. • Thickly wooded, with a temperate climate and heavy rainfall • Food sources are salmon, supplemented by sea mammals (seals and sea lions) and land mammals (deer, elk, and bears) as well as berries and other wild fruit. • They used wood to build their houses and had cedar-planked canoes and carved dugouts.

28. In their permanent winter villages some of the groups had totem poles which were elaborately carved and covered with symbolic animal decoration. • They also made ceremonial items, such as rattles and masks; weaving; and basketry. • Their society included chiefs, nobles, commoners, and slaves. • They had woven robes, furs, and basket hats as well as wooden armor and helmets for battle. • Potlatches were social occasions given by a host to establish or uphold his status position in society. • Often they were held to mark a significant event in his family, such as the birth of a child, a daughter's coming of age, or a son's marriage.

29. Great Basin • Because these Indians lived in a desert-like environment, food was hard to find. • This meant they had to constantly move in order to find food. • Because of this, their homes were temporary structures. • Willow branches were leaned together with bundles of twigs, branches, and reeds to cover them.

30. Plateau • Their acorn bread, made by pounding acorns into meal and then leaching it with hot water, was distinctive • They cooked in baskets filled with water and heated by hot stones. • Living in brush shelters or more substantial lean-tos, they had partly buried earth lodges for ceremonies and ritual sweat baths. • Basketry, coiled and twined, was highly developed. • They underwent a great cultural change when they obtained from the Plains Indians the horse, the tepee, a form of the sun dance, and deerskin clothes. • They continued, however, to fish for salmon with nets and spears and to gather camas bulbs.

31. Californian Native Americans • The California Indians were hunters and gatherers. • They gathered nuts, seeds, berries, roots, bulbs, and tubers. • Deer, rabbits, and game birds provided meat for these Indians. • Fish and acorns also provided food the these Indians. • All of the California Indians were basket makers, but no tribe was as accomplished in this as the Pomos. • They made baskets as large as 3 feet wide and as small as a thimble. • Some of their baskets were covered with shells, others with feathers. They not only wove baskets, but hats, trays, cooking pots, boats, and baby carriers.

32. Southwest Traditions • Anasazi men went to a special room for religious ceremonies. • This special room was called a kiva. (keeva) • A kiva was a round room built underground at the base of the homes. • Only men were allowed into the kiva. • To get in and out the men had to go by ladder through the roof. • Kachinas were Hopi spirits or gods which lived within the mountains. • Hopi dancers would dress like Kachinas to represent, or stand for, the gods. • Wooden Kachina dolls were made to teach the children about the gods. • Hopi Kachinas talked to the gods by singing and dancing. • The Kachinas danced and sang for rain.

33. Like the Anasazi, the Hopi grew corn, beans, and squash. • But the Hopi Indians depended on the rain to make their crops grow. • If their plants did not grow, the Hopi might starve. • The Hopi also planted cotton and tamed wild turkeys. • Hopi women also made beautiful baskets, clay bowls, and jewelry. • The men hunted, farmed, and wove cloth for blankets, clothing and belts.

34. Navajo and Apache • The Apache and the Navajo came from the Far North to settle the Plains and Southwest around A.D. 850.The Navajo share the Athabscan language with the Apache. • The Apache lived near Pueblo tribes, which they raided for food, and livestock. They dressed in animal skins, used dogs as pack animals, and pitched tentlike dwellings made of brush or hide, called wikiups. • The Navajo copied corn- and bean-growing practices from the Anasazi and raised sheep while some kept the nomadic lifestyle of their ancestors and the Apache and pursued the buffalo and other animals.

35. The Great Plains • This culture group of Indians is well-known for the importance of the buffalo, their religious ceremonies, and the use of the tepee. Four important tribes in this culture include the Dakota, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Comanche.The buffalo was the most important natural resource of the Plains Indians. The Plains Indians were hunters. They hunted many kinds of animals, but it was the buffalo which provided them with all of their basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.

36. The horse, first introduced by the Spanish of the Southwest, appeared in the Plains about the beginning of the 18th cent. and revolutionized the life of the Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their villages and joined the nomads. Mounted and armed with bow and arrow, they ranged the grasslands hunting buffalo.

37. Eastern Woodlands • Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and tools came from the forests around them. They lived in villages near a lake or stream. The Woodland Indians lived in wigwams and longhouses. The Iroquois, Cherokee, and Mound Builders were important Woodland tribes. • The Iroquois Indians were actually a "nation" of Indians made up of 5 tribes. These tribes were the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks. These tribes were hostile, or war-like, to each other until they joined together to become the "League of the Five Nations".

38. Leaders of each Iroquois Nation also came together to discuss matters that were important to all of them, such as peace,  trade, or war.  • These council leaders ( always men, but chosen by the women)  were called sachems.  The Iroquois had a total of 50 sachems.  All sachems had to agree on a solution before any decision was made.  

39. Some Vocabulary • Travois – a simple vehicle used by Plains Indians consisting of two trailing poles serving as shafts and bearing a platform or net for the load • Potlatch – a ceremonial feast of the American Indians of the northwest coast marked by the host's lavish distribution of gifts • Kiva – a Pueblo Indian ceremonial structure that is usually round and partly underground • Culture area – a region where people share a similar way of life. • Kayak – an Eskimo canoe made of a frame covered with skins except for a small opening in the center and propelled by a double-bladed paddle • Hogan – a Navajo Indian dwelling usually made of logs and mud with a door traditionally facing east • 3 sisters - corn and beans and squash • Longhouse - a long communal dwelling of some No. American Indians (as the Iroquois) • Tepee - a conical tent usually consisting of skins and used especially by American Indians of the Plains