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CHAPTER 36

CHAPTER 36. THE SKELETAL, MUSCULAR & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS. CHAPTER 36.1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM HW: P. 925 #1-4. THE SKELETON. Functions: Supports the body Protects internal organs Enables movement Stores mineral reserves Site for blood cell formation

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CHAPTER 36

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  1. CHAPTER 36 THE SKELETAL, MUSCULAR & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

  2. CHAPTER 36.1 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM HW: P. 925 #1-4

  3. THE SKELETON • Functions: • Supports the body • Protects internal organs • Enables movement • Stores mineral reserves • Site for blood cell formation • Axial: skull, vertebrae and rib cage • Appendicular: bones of upper and lower limbs

  4. Structure of Bones (Fig. 36.3) • Bones: solid network of living cells and protein fibers surrounded by deposits of calcium salts • Periosteum: tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds the bone • Compact Bone: dense bone • Haversian Canals: tube network for vessels and nerves • Spongy Bone: lattice network of bone; adds support without mass • Bone Marrow: soft tissue inside bone; yellow = fat; red = blood cell formation

  5. BONE DEVELOPMENT • Ossification: cartilage replaced by bone • Osteocytes: mature bone cells • Osteoblasts: produce bone (“blast off”) • Osteoclasts: break down bone • Where can you find cartilage in your body?

  6. TYPES OF JOINTS • Joints: where bones attach; allow for movement without damage • Types of joints: • Immovable: no movement (i.e. skull bones) • Slightly movable: small, restricted movements (i.e. vertebrae) • Freely movable: movement in one or more directions • Ball-and-socket: most movement (i.e. shoulder) • Hinge: back-and-forth motion (i.e. knee, elbow) • Pivot: bones rotate (i.e. forearm) • Saddle: bones slide (i.e. thumb)

  7. STRUCTURE OF JOINTS • Cartilage between bones helps reduce friction • Ligaments fuse with bone membranes and connect bone to bone. • Synovial fluid allows for smooth bone movement

  8. SKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS • Arthritis: inflammation of joints • Osteoporosis: severe bone loss (mostly in women)

  9. CHAPTER 36.2 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM HW: P. 931 #1-5

  10. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE (Fig. 36-6) • Skeletal muscle cells: long, slender, multi-nucleated and striated; voluntary (aka muscle fibers); attached to bones • Smooth muscle cells: spindle-shaped, one nuclei and non-striated; involuntary; lines organs, vessels and digestive tract • Cardiac muscle cells: striated with one or two nuclei; involuntary; only found in the heart

  11. SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE (Fig. 36-7) • Thin (actin) & Thick (myosin) filaments  myofibrils (sarcomere)  muscle fiber (cell)  bundle of muscle fibers  skeletal muscle

  12. MUSCLE CONTRACTION (Fig. 36-8) • Thick filaments: myosin protein • Thin filaments: actin protein (“thin” and “tin”) • Filaments arranged into a sarcomere (from Z to Z line) • Sliding filament model: A muscle contracts when the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments. • Energy for contraction supplied by ATP • Neuromuscular junction: synapse between neuron and muscle cell • Acetlycholine: neurotransmitter that binds to muscle fibers and causes calcium to release • Calcium is KEY to muscle contractions (allows myosin to bind to actin) • More muscle cells stimulated = stronger contraction

  13. MUSCLES AND BONES • Tendons connect muscles to bone. • Muscles contract and tendons pull on bones, function like levers around a fixed point (joint) • Regular exercise is important in maintaining muscular strength and flexibility.

  14. CHAPTER 36.3 The Integumentary System P. 936 #1-5 P. 939 #1-10, 14, 16, 23

  15. THE SKIN • Functions: • Protection—barrier against infection and injury (most important) • Regulates body temp. • Removes waste • Protection against UV rays

  16. THE STRUCTURE OF SKIN (Fig. 36-13) • Two layers: • Epidermis: outer layer; dead and living cells (inner cells divide constantly) • Keratin: tough, fibrous protein • Melanocytes: cells that make melanin (brown skin pigment) • Dermis: inner layer; contains vessels, nerves, glands, etc…

  17. HAIR AND NAILS • Hair: protection from UV rays; insulation from cold; traps dirt and other particles; grow from hair follicles (pockets in the dermis) • Nails: made of keratin; grow from the nail root; protects tips of fingers and toes

  18. SKIN DISEASES http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/30564-one-step-beyond-argyria-video.htm

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