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Understanding Endocrine Disorders: Thyroid Dysfunction and More

Explore disorders of the endocrine system with a focus on thyroid gland dysfunction, including conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Learn about symptoms, causes, and treatment options for various endocrine disorders affecting different glands and hormone levels in the body.

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Understanding Endocrine Disorders: Thyroid Dysfunction and More

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  1. Disorders of the Endocrine System

  2. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) • Increased metabolic rate • Increased food intake but loss of weight • Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) • Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

  3. Goiter

  4. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone) • Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) - Reduced metabolic rate • Low food intake but gain of weight • Myxoedema (when onset in adults) • Cretinism (when onset in children) • Can also cause a goiter

  5. Myxoedema • Puffiness (swelling) • Fatigue • Obesity • Dry, thickened skin • Mental impairment • Thin, brittle hair

  6. Cretinism • Protuberant abdomen • Short Stature • Infertility • Neurological impairment • Constant Fatigue • Obesity

  7. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps) Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca • Osteoporosis (brittle bones) • Kidney stones

  8. Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity • Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca • Tetany Overactivity • High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca • Osteoporosis

  9. Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity • Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) • Hypoglycemia Underactivity • High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes

  10. Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity • High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) • Diabetes Underactivity • Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) • Hyper insulinism

  11. Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone:Growth Hormone Overactive • Gigantism (children - very tall) • Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken) Underactive - Dwarfism (very short)

  12. The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall Gigantism

  13. Acromegaly

  14. Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s Dwarfism

  15. Overactive Goiter Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease Underactive Goiter Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s Disease Myxoedema (adults) Cretinism (kids) Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate

  16. Overactive Tetany Underactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by bones and decrease Ca level in blood

  17. Overactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Underactive Tetany Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone

  18. Overactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock) Underactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels

  19. Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany • Osteoporosis • Kidney Stones Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany • Osteoporosis • Kidney Stones

  20. Overactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Underactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels

  21. Insulin vs Glucagon BSL BSL BSL BSL BSL Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes BSL Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes

  22. Overactive Gigantism (children) Acromegaly (adults) Underactive Dwarfism (Frohlich’s and Lorrain) GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth

  23. Overactive Skin darkens Under active Skin will not darken Most severe condition is albinism MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken

  24. Overactive Unknown Underactive Sterility LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production

  25. Corticoid imbalances: ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/ui/addisons/plate1.html https://www.google.com/search?q=cushing+syndrome+picture&newwindow=1&tbm=isch&imgil=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%253BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%25252F2014%25252F06%25252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%252CG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%252C_&usg=__RFAxiPerBprh01T7C56wx96irXY%3D&biw=1280&bih=855&ved=0CD0Qyjc&ei=XSwsVZ3NF5HksAS2yoCYAg#imgrc=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%3BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fimg.docstoccdn.com%252Fthumb%252Forig%252F77842308.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%252F2014%252F06%252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html%3B1500%3B1125

  26. Overactive Cushing’s Syndrome Underactive Addison’s Disease Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation

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