B y margaretha partiwiw maharani d.l

1. LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND MULTILINGUAL NATIONS By margaretha partiwiw maharani d.l

2. What is Lingua Franca? Why do Lingua Franca developed? Give an Example ! • Lingua Franca is language used for Communication between people whose first language differ or a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages but which is not used between members of the same group. So Lingua Franca is developed to helped the people whose didn’t understand the mother language each other so that they can communication and make a relationship in the new community or groups.

3. Examples of lingua franca are numerous, and exist on every continent. The most obvious example today is English, which is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation. There are many other lingua franca centralized on particular regions, such as Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. • The popularity of languages changes over time, and there are many lingua franca that are of historical importance. For example, French was the language of European diplomacy from the 17th century until the mid-20th century. Until the early 20th century, Classical Chinese served as both the written lingua franca and the diplomatic language in Far East Asia including China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, the Ryūkyū Kingdom, and Vietnam. Arabic became the "lingua franca" of the Arab/Islamic Empire (from CE 733 – 1492), which at a certain point spread from the borders of China and Northern India through Central Asia, Persia, Asia Minor, Middle East, North Africa all the way to Spain and Portugal in the west. In their modern forms, these languages are all still significant lingua franca today.

4. 2) What is Pidgin? Why is Pidgin developed? What the Differences between Pidgin and Creoles? Give some Example ! • Pidgin language, is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups). Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between groups of people. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.

5. The Reasons is Pidgin developed,In the nineteenth century, when slaves from Africa were brought over to North America to work on the plantations, they were separated from the people of their community and mixed with people of various other communities, therefore they were unable to communicate with each other. The strategy behind this was so they couldn't come up with a plot to escape back to their land. Therefore, in order to finally communicate with their peers on the plantations, and with their bosses, they needed to form a language in which they could communicate. Pidgins also arose because of colonization. Prominent languages such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Dutch were the languages of the colonizers. They traveled, and set up ports in coastal towns where shipping and trading routes were accessible.

6. There is always a dominant language which contributes most of the vocabulary of the pidgin, this is called the superstrate language. The superstrate language from the Papua New Guinea Creole example above is English. The other minority languages that contribute to the pidgin are called the substrate languages. In the United States, there is a very well known Creole, Louisiana Creole, which is derived from French and African Languages. You most likely have heard of "Cajun" which is a developed dialect of this Creole. 

7. The differences between Pidgin and Creoles are A pidgin is “ a language with a reduced range of structure and use, with NO native speakers.” It grows up among people who do not share a common language but who want to communicate with each other. A Creoles is “a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community,” and therefore has native speakers.

8. Example of Pidgin : "Saposyukaikaiplantipinat, baiyukamap strong olsem phantom." "Fantom, yuprentrubilong mi. Inapyu ken helpim mi nau?""Fantom, emi go we?“ • Translation: “If you eat plenty of peanuts, you will come up strong like the phantom.”“Phantom, you are a true friend of mine. Are you able to help me now?”“Where did he go?” • The Example of Creoles : “Bonzourkonstab. Mon'nperdimonptigarson.” “AsizeMadanm” “Mersikonstab.” • Translation : “Good morning, constable. I've lost my little boy” “Sit down, madam.” “Thank you, constable.”

9. Thank You