Pearson Longman PoliticalScience Interactive

1. Pearson LongmanPoliticalScienceInteractive Shea, Green, and Smith Living Democracy, Second Edition Chapter 8: The Presidency

2. Early Concerns about Executive Power • A vigorous executive power was seen as necessary to counterbalance the legislative branch. • Advocates of a strong executive felt that George Washington would be an ideal choice.

3. The Constitutional Convention Key questions concerning the executive office • Shall the executive office consist of one person or several? • Shall the president be selected by Congress? • Shall all citizens select the president? • Shall the president have any role in legislative matters? • Who shall conduct foreign policy: Congress or the president?

4. The Constitutional Convention • Shall the president be responsible for making war? • How long shall the president serve? • Should the president be removable between elections? 9. Shall the president alone be responsible for carrying out the will of Congress? 10. Shall the president have real powers?

5. Article II and the Ratification of the Constitution Both proponents and opponents of the Constitution presented their arguments as essays in newspapers. The deposit of vast trusts in the hands of a single magistrate, enables him in their exercise, to create a numerous train of dependents—this tempts his ambition, which in a republican magistrate is also remarked, to be pernicious and the duration of his office for any considerable time favors his views, gives him the means and time to perfect and execute his designs—he therefore fancies that he may be great and glorious by oppressing his fellow citizens, and raising himself to permanent grandeur on the ruins of his country. “Cato,” 1787

6. Models of Presidential Power Why was the presidency not at the center of 19th-century American government? How did this change at the end of the century?

7. Theodore Roosevelt • Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president (1901–1909) • Considered the presidency a “bully pulpit” from which to spread ideas • Arguably the first assertive president who faced no extraordinary circumstances

8. Models of Presidential Power Stewardship model Teddy Roosevelt (1901–1909) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Whig model Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) • First “modern” Presidency • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932–1945)

9. Institutional Changes

10. Institutional Changes • Growth of White House Staff • Franklin D. Roosevelt: 47 • Harry Truman: 200 • Nixon: 555 • Ronald Reagan: 600 • Currently: around 500 • The “institutional presidency”

11. Institutional Changes The Cabinet • Precedent set by Washington, who had: Secretary of StateSecretary of TreasuryAttorney General Secretary of War • Presidents rely on their cabinets to different degrees.

12. Institutional Changes Executive Office of the President • Created 1939 by act of Congress, under FDR • Some divisions particularly important: National Security Council Office of Management and Budget Council of Economic Advisers

13. Pathways of Action: FDR Takes Charge! • New Deal program ideas came from his “Brain Trust” • Policy Achievements: FDIC, SEC, Wagner Act, Social Security, minimum wages, maximum working hours, mortgage protections FDR inspects some Civilian Conservation Corps camps in the Shenandoah Valley.

14. Pathways Profile: Dr. Condoleezza Rice • Born in segregated Birmingham, Alabama, in 1954 • In 1999 became foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush during election campaign • In 2005 named Secretary of State

15. The Changing Role of the Vice President • Benjamin Franklin: vice president should be addressed as “your Superfluous Excellency.” • Beginning in the 1950s, the role of vice president became more important.

16. First Ladies • During much of the nation’s history, first ladies were limited to activities behind the scenes. • This changed with Eleanor Roosevelt and again with Hillary Clinton. Eleanor Roosevelt

17. The President as Chief-of-State The president performs important ceremonial functions, in both good times and times of crisis.

18. The President as Chief Legislator Presidential legislative authority: • Veto power • Recommend measures • State of the Union President Clinton delivering his State of the Union address.

19. The President as Chief Legislator Presidential Support from Congress, 1953–2004

20. Student Profile: Students for Saving Social Security • Concern over future of Social Security • Goals are to inform and influence policy

21. The President as Chief Diplomat Appointing ambassadors Receiving ambassadors Treaties Executive agreements Fast-track trade authority Meeting with foreign leaders to forge ties and make formal alliances Foreign Policy Tools

22. President as Commander-in-Chief • President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but Congress is charged with declaring wars. • “Presidential prerogative” versus War Powers Act

23. President as Chief Executive The president is in many ways the nation’s chief administrator and head bureaucrat. • Appoints leaders of important agencies • Issues executive orders • Proclamations • National security directives • Presidential decision directives

24. Vision, Pragmatism, Consensus Building, Charisma, Trustworthiness Presidential Greatness