DPSIR

1. DPSIR

2. Before we start • Website: • Added news section • Particularly relevant to policy Please contribute your own insights and your own news pieces Also, read: www.landandpeople.blogspot.com for excellent policy/management analysis

3. Integrated analysis of environmental trends and policies • Need to answer 3 main questions • What is happening to the environment and why? • . What are the consequences for the environment and humanity? • What is being done and how effective is it? • How to answer these questions • IEA analyses environment and human well-being trends and dynamics based on the drivers-pressures-state-impacts-responses (DPSIR) framework.

4. Analysis involves… • : A. Understanding the issue to determine what is happening to the environment, why and what the impacts are. • B. Preparing a policy report card to understand the array of high-level strategies affecting the environmental issue. • C. Conducting a policy instrument scan to identify the mix of policies influencing the environmental issue, and the effectiveness of such a mix. • D. Performing a policy gap and coherence analysis to determine if relevant policies are in place and are focused on the most important drivers and pressures.

5. DPSIR model • A causal framework for describing interactions between society and the environment. • Allows integrated approach to reporting. • Used by amongst others UNEP, EEA, CEROI in SoE and IEA reporting. • Earlier versions include: • PSR (OECD 1994) • DSR (UNCSD, 1996)

6. The DPSIR concept Responses Driving forces Impact Pressures State

7. The causalchain

8. Driving forces: • A driving force is a need: • Individual: Food, shelter etc (Maslows hierachy) • Industry: Make profit, lower costs, expand markets • Nation: Increase/maintain standard of living, reduce unemployment • DFs are the underlying factors that influence development such as population growth, economic growth, energy consumption and industrial production.

9. Pressures: • Human activities to meet needs affect the environment through production or consumption processes: • Emissions of polluting substances • Extraction of natural resources • Land use

10. State: • Current condition of the environment: • Air quality • Water quality • Soil quality • Ecosystems status

11. Impact: • Effect of changes on both environment and society.

12. Response: • Society can make political, economic or behavioural changes as a reaction to changes in the environment. • Responses can be aimed at any of the links in the causal chain (DPSI).

13. Understandingthedynamicsofissues:

14. Driving Force - Pressure Relationships • The environmental pressures resulting from human activities (emissions, resource use and land use) are a function of two types of variable: • (i) the level of these activities • (ii) the technology applied in these activities.

15. DPSIR framework in relation to water issues • The aim of managing water resources is to safeguard human health while maintaining sustainable aquatic and associated terrestrial ecosystems. • It is, therefore, important to quantify and identify the current state of, and impacts on, water environment and how these are changing with time. • In water assessment at global, regional, national and by river basins level the following generic questions could be asked: ? (Based on the European Environment Agency's work on water )

16. DPSIR framework in relation to water issues • State of waters • Time trends • What is causing the problems? • Agricultural State of Action on policies

17. DPSIR – as analytical framework (print page 5) • The DPSIR model can be used as an analytical framework for assessing water issues. This allows a comprehensive assessment of the issues through examination of the relevant Driving forces and Pressures on the environment, the consequent State of the environment and its Impacts, and the Responses undertaken, and of the interlinkages between each of these elements. • Driving Forces? • Pressures? • Responses? • State? • Impacts?

18. Analysing themes and sectors

19. DPSIR on SOE Web Sites • ” The modelshould be seen as a help in organising thework, and not as a form to be filled in .” (GEOKit) • Two importantconstraint: • Weneedefficientnavigation for the Web Site • Wearewriting and performing QC on large amountoftext in short time span. • Examples from the web: • SOE Durban (SA) • SOE Oslo (Norway) • SOE Tbilisi (Georgia) • SOE Norway

20. Writing a theme for SOE Ask yourself the following questions: • What is the general situation? • Does the situation have any consequences? • What is influencing the situation? • Where does the influence come from? • What is being done to improve the situation? • Are there linkages to other issues?

22. another causal chain frameworks • GIWA causal chain analyses • “The aim of GIWA is to produce a comprehensive and integrated global assessment of international waters, the ecological status of and the causes of environmental problems in 66 water areas in the world, and focus on the key issues and problems facing the aquatic environment in transboundary waters.” • Reminder: A causal chain is a series of statements that demonstrate and summarize, in a stepwise manner, the linkages between problems and their underlying (root) causes.

23. So… • I want you to finish the economics reading today • So that you can begin your homework for this section. • Question to you all: can you – the three of you – meet Friday to begin group work?

24. So – let’s talk more about the ‘how’ Key questions to be answered in the IEA framework • What are the consequences for the environment and humanity? • What is happening to the environment and why? • What is being done and how effective is it? • Where are we heading? • What actions could be taken for a more sustainable future?