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Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters

Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters. Alice Newton IMAR-Institute of Marine Research University of the Algarve Gambelas Campus 8005-139 FARO Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +351289800066 http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ anewton@ualg.pt. Lecce, June 2008.

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Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters

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  1. Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters Alice Newton IMAR-Institute of Marine Research University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus 8005-139 FARO Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +351289800066 http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ anewton@ualg.pt Lecce, June 2008

  2. Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters Lesson 1: Definitions and development of the DPSIR framework, Drivers and Pressures Alice Newton IMAR-Institute of Marine Research University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus 8005-139 FARO Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +3512898000066 http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ anewton@ualg.pt Lecce, June 2008

  3. DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR framework Alice Newton Table of contents Definition of DPSIR Development of the DPSIR framework Drivers and Pressures An arrow pointing downwards means that there is more information below the slide in the note section. You will also have lesson notes for each lesson and a number of important papers in pdf format

  4. DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR framework Alice Newton Concepts and knowledge presented in the lesson • Definition of DPSIR • The development of the DPSIR framework and its application to transitional and coastal waters, especially with respect to eutrophication • Drivers and pressures associated with biomass production and extraction

  5. What is DPSIR? • Drivers • Pressures • State • Impacts • Responses • The DPSIR framework links economics, social sciences and natural sciences OECD (1993). OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews. OECD Environment Monographs No. 83. OECD. Paris.

  6. Drivers: socio-economic activities, e.g. tourist development • Pressures: that affect the environment and the ecosystem e.g. increase nutrient runoff • State: quantifiable metrics, indicators of environmental and ecological quality e.g. Dissolved Oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration • Impacts: • environmental e.g. increase turbidity, • ecological, e.g. loss of biodiversity, • economic e.g. lower fish catches, • social e.g. loss of fishing jobs • Responses: of society to manage or abate the problem, e.g. new management criteria, new infrastructure, new policy

  7. Carr et al 2007 Origins of DPSIR • 1979 Rapport and Friend: stress response model • 1993 OECD: P-S-R model (updated 2004) • 1999 EEA DPSIR model • 2001 EEA: DPSIR applied to eutrophication in transitional waters

  8. PSR + eutrophication P S R BOD DO Nutrients OECD 1993

  9. DPSIR + eutrophication + EU coastal waters

  10. Pressures WFD TCW Borja, A. et al 2006

  11. DPSIR + lagoons Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs1:1-12.

  12. DPSIR + lagoon Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs1:1-12.

  13. Transitional waters and lagoons play a key role in the Earth System functioning. They provide a significant contribution to the life support systems of most societies. Goods and services derived from coastal systems depend strongly on multiple trans-boundary interactions with the land, atmosphere, open ocean and sea bottom. Socio-economic drivers such as urbanization, food production, tourism and transportation accelerate the pressures on the coastal zone and resources.

  14. Drivers and Pressures e.g. increase nutrient runoff Socio-economic, e.g. tourist development

  15. Socio-Economic Drivers • List for these lectures • Biomass production • Biomass extraction • Water and mineral extraction • Industry • Transport • Changing land use • Changing lifestyles • Global change Aliaume et al list • Agriculture • Aquaculture • Industry • Urban development • Climate change Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs1: 1-12.

  16. Socio-Economic Drivers • Biomass production • Agriculture • Animal rearing • Aquaculture

  17. Biomass production Agricultural DriversAgricultural Pressures • Fertilizer use and surplus ~ Nutrient inputs • Crop legume N fixation ~ Pesticides • Biofuels ~ Herbicides ~ Organic matter • Animal wastes inputs • Aquaculture

  18. Intensive agriculture Greenhouses Almeria, ES

  19. DRIVER: Intensive Agriculture Vitacress agricultural development on the Ria Formosa Photo Bruno Fragoso

  20. …and golf DRIVER: Agriculture… Photo Igor Khmelinskii Quinta do Lago golf development on the Ria Formosa

  21. AGRICULTURAL Drivers • Fertilizer use and surplus • Legume crop N fixation • Biofuels

  22. DRIVER: Agriculture and golf Pressures • Use of agrochemicals (fertilizers…) • Wetland drainage • Animal wastes • Loss of riparian vegetation • Irrigation • Damming • Groundwater extraction

  23. Synthetic fertilizer use and surplus Agricultural Drivers see text below slide

  24. Fertilizer use http://www.efma.org • Industrial N- fixation and synthetic fertilizer process invented during WW1 • Not widely used ‘til 1950’s • Steady increase ‘til late 1980s • Slight decline to 1994 (collapse of Soviet collective farms) • Rapid increase since 1995 (China & India) 1996: annual fertilizer use ~83 Tg

  25. Agriculturalfertilizerapplication easily transferred directly to the aquatic environment or via the atmosphere…

  26. Agricultural DriversMonoculture of Legumes • Leguminous plants harbor symbiotic micro-organisms in their root nodules • The micro-organisms can fix N2 and so these plants can grow in N-poor soil • Beans, peas etc, protein rich crops • Grown for human (soybean, peanut) and animal consumption (clover, lucerne, alfalfa) as well as for biofuels (soybean, peanut)

  27. Agricultural Drivers Cultivation of Biofuels crops • Sugar cane • Sugar beet • Maize • Palm oil • Soybean

  28. DRIVER: Biomass Production DRIVERPRESSURE ~ Animal rearing ~ Animal wastes • Aquaculture ~ Organic matter inputs

  29. Biomass production Drivers • Netherlands: (2000) • Human pop.= 15 700 000 • Denmark (2004) • Human pop. 5 300 000 Animal population? Livestock's Long Shadow, 2006

  30. Pollution from human population and domestic sewage is augmented by waste from domestic animals. This may not be treated. Ringkøbing Fjord, Dk

  31. Drivers: Biomass production Animal Rearing • Netherlands: (2000) • Human pop.= 15 700 000 • Cattle = 4 200 000 4:1 • Pigs = 14 000 000 1:0.9 • Chickens 108 000 000 1:7 • Denmark (2004) • Human pop. 5 300 000 1:5 • Pigs 25 000 000 …..5 times more pigs than humans …..15 times more pig manure than human sewage

  32. Animal rearing produces meat… … and manure!

  33. PressureOrganic matter, manure • USA 5 tonnes animal wastes per resident p.a. • Netherlands: (2000) • 6 tonnes animal wastes per resident pa • Government Levy Bureau monitor • Farm inputs (feeds,etc) • Output (meat & dairy) • Manure and what happens to it

  34. Dairy farm effluent

  35. Intensive pig farming Waste production 1 pig=3 humans

  36. The EU-12 pig farming is a growing sector that is shifting towards fewer holdings with larger numbers of animals. Evidence is also beginning to emerge of major investments in animal production units in Eastern Europe. Pig production units often import fodder from outside the EU, thus decoupling protein production from European farming.

  37. ELME, 2007

  38. Poultry farms

  39. Industrial Poultry farms 25000 chicken in each shed

  40. Fisheries and Aquaculture

  41. Aquaculture Due to the increase of sea-food demand and the decrease of natural marine stocks, coastal lagoons are increasingly exploited for aquaculture. Italy: clams/mussels France: oysters/mussels Spain: mussels/clams Greece: fish Portugal: clams

  42. Thau lagoon (France): • >10% French oyster production (~13000 tons) • Direct employment 2220 • ~ 40 M€

  43. 2nd Italian producer of clams (~ 8000 tons) after Venice lagoon Sacca di Goro (Italy): • 1500 jobs • ~ 30 M€

  44. Artesanal culture system for clams in the Ria Formosa

  45. Culture system for oysters in the Ria Formosa Even artesanal and extensive aquaculture causes some pressures

  46. Intensive aquaculture

  47. Aquaculture Effluent: Pressures on Inland & Coastal Waters • Eutrophication • Pollution Control • Using Natural Fish Stocks to Feed Farmed Fish • Genetic Conservation & Aquatic Biodiversity • Introduction of Alien Species • Habitat Destruction: Mangrove Forests • Socio-Economic effects and conflicts http://www.ecasa.org.uk/Documents/Poster.Aqua06.pdf http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php

  48. Socio-Economic Drivers • Biomass extraction • Fisheries • Logging

  49. Fisheries in lagoons are mainly from small artesanal boats because the lagoons are shallowLagoon of Lesina(E.Manini)

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