From Cradle to Grave OR From Cradle to Cradle:

1. From Cradle to Grave OR From Cradle to Cradle: Life-cycle Assessment and Analysis

2. Life-cycle assessment An analytical framework for measuring environmental and social impacts of products, services or technologies across the entire life it supplies a basis for selecting among competing options

3. Life Cycle: from cradle to grave and back to cradle Extracting and processing raw materials Transporting and storing raw materials Manufacturing and packaging products Transporting and distributing products Marketing and selling products Consuming or using products Disposing products after their useful life (collection/sorting, waste disposal) Recycling and re-use

4. Source of environmental impacts Consumption of resources Energy use Land use Water use Emissions (gaseous waste) Effluents (liquid waste) Hazardous waste (toxic waste) Solid waste

5. Environmental impacts climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone (smog) creation eutrophication, acidification, toxicological stress on human health and ecosystems, the depletion of non-renewable resources, water depletion and pollution, deforestation loss of biodiversity land degradation noise pollution

6. Goals of life cycle analysis Identification of opportunities for pollution prevention reduction in resource consumption while taking the entire product life cycle into consideration

7. LCA Objectives Goal and scope definition: from raw material to disposal Inventory analysis: quantified releases into the environment Impact assessment: short-term and long- term impacts on human and ecosystem health Interpretation: results compared with goals of study Life-cycle design or product improvement( or design for the environment) : environmental considerations integrated into product/system development.

8. Example I:Sulfur removal from diesel fuel Does the conventional criterion of cost effectiveness in evaluating and selecting appropriate technology reflect the full cost and benefits of the technology? If the identified option, requires the use of toxic catalysts or produces difficult to treat sludge it is not the true least cost technology All impacts throughout the technology�s life-cycle must be considered and most beneficial impacts for improvement identified Then the sulfur target in fuel is set to the point where the MC of sulfur removal= its MB (both estimated though life cycle valuation of these impacts e.g. of both childhood asthma and toxicity)

9. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized methodology (ISO 14040 ff). LCA helps to quantify the environmental pressures related to goods and services, the environmental benefits, the trade-offs and areas for achieving improvements taking into account the full life-cycle of the product

10. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Life Cycle Impact assessment (LCIA)

11. Life Cycle Inventory The collection and analysis of environmental interventions data (e.g. emissions to air and water, waste generation and resource consumption) associated with a product from the extraction of raw materials through production and use to final disposal, including recycling, reuse, and energy recovery. 

12. Life Cycle Impact Assessment The estimation of indicators of environmental pressures in terms of e.g. climate change, resource depletion, acidification, human health effects, etc. associated with human interventions in the environment over the life-cycle of a product.

13. Uses of LCA in industry to help reduce environmental impacts across the whole life cycle of goods and services to improve the competitiveness of the company�s products to improve product design, e.g. the choice of materials, of technologies, design criteria and recycling. to benchmark product system options and decide purchases, technology investments, innovation systems, to obtain insights into upstream and downstream trade-offs associated with environmental pressures, human health, and the consumption of resources

14. Uses of LCA in the public sector in stakeholder consultations in policy formulation and implementation in policy-orientated environmental assessments, considering upstream and downstream trade-offs in efficient product policy by providing additional valuable information on environmental performance of goods and services. in the analysis of the environmental performance of production and consumption patterns on various levels in public policy making in eco-design criteria setting, e.g Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP) and for energy-using products within the EuP Directive, in green public procurement (GPP), in environmental product declarations (EPDs).

15. A life-cycle perspective(Source: http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index_jrc)

16. Life-cycle thinking The key to Life-cycle thinking is to avoid �burden shifting� i.e. minimizing the environmental impacts at one stage of a product�s life cycle while avoiding further impacts elsewhere, e.g. saving energy during the use phase of a product without increasing the amount of material needed to make that product. Taking a life cycle perspective requires a policy developer, environmental manager or product designer to look beyond their own knowledge and in-house dat. It requires cooperation up and down the supply chain. It provides a means to use this knowledge� to gain significant economic advantages.

17. The context Consumers want to make good environmental choices. Businesses need improved efficiency to boost margins and competitiveness, while contributing to a sustainable society.  Policy makers want to promote sustainable consumption and production to respond to environmental challenges.  (Source: http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index_jrc#an3)

18. The ILCD Handbook A series of technical documents that provide guidance on all the steps required to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment. It is in line with the international standards on Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040 and 14044) and covers: General guide for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Detailed guidance General guide for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Provisions and action steps - Specific guide for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data sets Framework and requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) models and indicators Review schemes for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Reviewer qualification for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data sets Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

19. Eco-indicator of LCA

20. Life cycle management matrix

26. Life Cycle Assessment Matrix

27. Cradle to Grave: The Life Cycle of Styrofoam(By Andrea Kremer) We will look at the many different uses of Styrofoam: Food and beverage containers. Packaging products. Building insulation and materials. Craft project material.

28. Styrofoam In this section, we will look at the chemical components used to make Styrofoam. Benzene Styrene Ethylene Blowing Agents � CFCs and HCFCs

29. Styrofoam Here we will examine the health impacts on the workers of the Styrofoam manufacturing plants. Benzene exposure. Styrene exposure. Ethylene exposure.

30. Styrofoam In this section we will look at possible health impacts we face from using Styrofoam beverage and food containers. Chemical migration. Styrene in fatty tissue and breast milk.

31. Preview: Distribution Here we will look at the concept of distribution. Effects of transportation fuels and components on the environment and our health.

32. Styrofoam In this section we will examine the different methods of dealing with waste used Styrofoam (disposal) . Reuse � pros and cons. Recycle � pros and cons. Incineration � pros and cons. Land fill � cons.

33. Styrofoam In this last section we will explore alternatives to using Styrofoam products. Eco-foam. Natural insulation. Changing small habits for the better.