Agriculture and energy production from biomasses

1. Improvement of Agricultural Productive Process through an Environmentally Sustainable Approach (IAPP ESA) Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia General Directorate of Agriculture Unit for the implementation of the EU legislation Agriculture and energy production from biomasses

2. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Contents The aim of this lesson is to describe the economic benefits and the environmental adavantages arising from the implementation of the possibile connections between agriculture and energy production

3. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Which connections? The following scheme will be considered: Alternative agricultural production  Bio-masses Use of Bio-masses for energy production purposes Cereals  Alcohol production Oil-seed arable crops  Bio-diesel Waste  Bio-gas Bio-mass crops  electric energy, electronic heating

4. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Energy and petroleum units Energy units dimension order Symbol UnitOrder W (Watt) 1 KW (KiloWatt) 10 3 MW (MegaWatt) 10 6 GW (GigaWatt) 10 9 TW (TeraWatt) 10 12 Petroleum units dimension order Symbol Unit Order ep (petroleum equivalents) 1 tep (petroleum equivalents tons) 10 3 Mtep (Millions of tep) 10 9

5. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Energy cycle In this trasparency the energy-cycle taking place in the air, on the earth surface and in the surface waters will be described

6. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Rate of utilisation of different energy sources for energy production purposes. Comparison year 1997 vs. year 1900 • _____________________________________________________________ year 1900year 1997 • Source Mtep % Mtep % • _____________________________________________________________ • Coal 501 55 2,122 22 • Petroleum 18 2 2,940 30 • Gas 9 1 2,173 23 • Nuclear power 0 0 579 6 • Renewable energy 383 42 1,833 19 • sources (1) • TOTAL911100 9,647 100 • _______________________________________________________________ • including energy yielded from Bio-masses, Hydrogen, aeolian energy, solar energy, geothermal energy

7. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Source of energy Entire world, the industrialised countries, the developing countries In this trasparency a comparison among the countries (entire world, indu- strialised countries, developing countries) for what concerns the source of energy used for energy purposes, will be presented

8. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Global Change indicators In this trasparency a graph showing the Global Change Indicators (i.e. Temperature, Carbon dyoxide) course from the year 1850 till the year 1990 will be presented

9. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Utilisation of Bio-masses for energy production purposes Comparison among the countries Energy from Bio-masses in the world 15% (i.e. 1,230 Mtep/year) Energy from Bio-masses in the developing countries 38% of the energy demand (i.e. 1,074 Mtep/year) Energy from Bio-masses in the industrialised countries 3% of the energy demand (i.e. 156 Mtep/year) Individual industrialised countries USA: 3.2% of the energy demand (i.e. 70 Mtep/year) EU: 3.5% of the energy demand (i.e. 40 Mtep/year) Finland: 17% of the energy demand Sweden: 13% of the energy demand Italy: 2% of the energy demand

10. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses The Cycle of Carbon on the earth and in the ecosystem In this trasparency the Cycle of the Carbon on the earth and in the ecosystem will be shown

11. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Biomass conversion into energy. Typical processes Biomass Process Sort of Energy Utilisation involved yielded Wooden Combustion Heat Heating Materials Electric energy H2O<35% C:N>30 Manure from Anaerobic Biogas Heating Animal husbandry (fermentation) (60% methane) Electric energy H2O<35% 20 C:N 30 Plants Monosaccharides Ethylic alcohol Petrol engine (sugar beet, fermentation sorghum) 15 H2O 90% C:N whatever Oil seeds Esterification of Bio-diesel Diesel engine H2O>35% the fatty acids

12. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Conversion of bio-masses into energy • The conversion of Bio-masses into energy can involve two type of processes • Heat production processes • 2)Biochemical processes

13. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Conversion of bio-masses into energy – 1 Heat production processes The combustion of bio-mass leads to the heat production Bio-masses which are suitable for heat production process are: wood manufacturing by-products (wood-shavings, wood-dust), straw, pruning-waste, food manufacturing by-products (kernels, rice-hulls, rice-bran). The C:N ratio of such bio-masses is higher than 30 and their dry matter content is higher than 70%

14. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Conversion of bio-masses into energy – 2 Biochemical processes The activity played by the enzymes, the fungii and the microrganisms on the bio-mass give raise to energy Bio-masses which are the most suitable for such biochemical processes are those showing a C:N ratio below 30 and a water content beyond 30%. Examples of such bio-masses are: water plants, crop by-products (sugar beets leaves, potatoes, etc.), animal husbandry manure, food manufacturing by-products (e.g. distillery slop), urban and industrial waste.

15. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses Bio-masses crop-yield, dry matter content and energy production efficiencies In this trasparency some figures of the crop yield (t/Ha), dry matter content, and energy production efficiency (Kcal/kg DM) of several bio-masses, are presented

16. Agriculture and energy production from biomasses “Mischantus” – some indexes and figures In this trasparency two graphs are shown. The dry matter content variation with respect to the harvesting season of the “Mischantus” and the efficiency of “Mischantus” conversion into energy are indicated