What are the functions of the respiratoy system ?

1. Introduction to Respiratory System What are the functions of the respiratoysystem? Getting gases in and out…Environment to blood = externalBlood to tissues = internal Olfaction and communication What structures are necessary? Respiratory membranes (highly vascular, thin, moist and large surface area) http://www.listenforjoy.com/art/deepbreath.html

2. Introduction to Respiratory System How does your nose contribute? Olfactory epithelium Speech… SinusesCavities or spaces in bones of skull, empty into the nasal cavity to provide resonance. Sinusitisinflammation of membranes lining sinus cavities

3. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Agnathans? What all (?) have vertebrates have in common…Pharyngeal pouches meet ectodermal grooves… the branchial membrane then ruptures forming gill slits In Hagfishes afferent and efferent branchial ducts carry water towards and away from the pharyngeal or gill pouches

4. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Agnathans? Lamprey are tightly attached to host/prey… External nare ends in a blind sac. Consequently, they pump water in and out via the external gill slits. Respiratory tube facilitates breathing and feeding.

5. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Chondrichthian fishes have a spiracle and often 5 pairs of gill pouches except for Hexanchus and Heptanchus Spiracle of skates and rays primary incurrent, major in most sharks, but minor or lost in fast swimming species Naked gills (no operculum)

6. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Demibranchs are the vascular layers found in gill chambers Pre- and posttrematicdemibranchsare supported by an interbranchial septum

7. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Holobranchs support and provide structure for primary vasculature Gill rakersguard the slit

8. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Countercurrent flow of water and blood from ventral aorta facilitates diffusion. Lamella increase surface area (primary and secondary) http://www.upei.ca/histology/html/fish_gills.html

9. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Water flows in via spiracle and mouth (inspiration 1) when branchimeric muscles expand the pharyngeal chamber. Mouth closes and hypobranchial muscles make the gill chamber expand (inspiration 2) Constrictors decrease volume of gill chamber forcing water out gill slits (expiration)

10. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Bony fishes? Pharyngeal arches support holobranchs. Presence of operculum a major difference. Gills occur in an opercular chamber. Mouth opens, pharyngeal floor lowers (opercula closed) (inspiration) Opercular chamber volume increases as opercula open Constrictors decrease volume of opercular chamber forcing water out opercular cleft (expiration)

11. Respiratory System: Gills What other functions do gills serve? Excretion… salts in marine fish, nitrogenous wastes in all fish and CO2 even in lungfish

12. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to larvae? 3 types:External gills found on larval amphibians and a few types of fish Filamentous extensions (internal) found on chondrichthian fishes Internal gills unique to later staged tadpoles http://edoras.duhs.duke.edu/gallery/albums/9/p8120048.jpg

13. Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to larvae?External gills Internal gills http://fixedreference.org/2006-Wikipedia-CD-Selection/wp/f/Frog.htm

14. Respiratory System: Nasal structures What is the role of the nares in most fish? External nareshave anterior and posterior regions (incurrent and excurrentaperatures respectively). The passageway leads to blind sacs used for olfaction Lobe-finned fishes the nasal cavities communicate with the pharynx via internal nares

15. Respiratory System: Swim bladders How are foregut evaginations related to lungs in humans? These sacs store gases taken directly from the atmosphere (physostomous) or from the blood with no connection to the pharynx (physoclistous) The gas can be N2, O2, usually some CO2 and/or Argon Serve as buoyancy devices, also help detect sound.

16. Respiratory System: Swim bladders

17. Upper Respiratory System How are foregut evaginations related to lungs in humans? The lung bud is a single evagination that communicates with the pharynx via the glottis It bifurcates and pushes caudad until they are beside the heart Lung bud tissue between lungs and glottis become larynx, trachea and bronchi

18. Upper Respiratory System: Larynx

19. Upper Respiratory System: Larynx What are the functions of the larynx? Functions to control entrance to trachea and to allow speech Comprised of several cartilages… Tracheotomy or Cricothyrotomy

20. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the functions of the larynx? http://www.ghorayeb.com/LARYNXPICTURES.html

21. Upper Respiratory System: Larynx What are the functions of the larynx? Resonating chambers and snorkels

22. Upper Respiratory System: Larynx Since birds don’t have a larynx… how do they make noise? They pass air through a structure (syrinx) just cephalic to bronchi.

23. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs

24. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have?

25. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have?

26. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have?

27. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs

28. Lower Respiratory System: Lungs How do the components of alveoli differ? * Macrophages * Type I pneumocytes * Type II pneumocytes http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/histo/quiz/mh09.html