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Research process

Research process. Research Process. I. Formulating the research problem The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem constitutes the first step of scientific enquiry. II. Objectives of the research

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Research process

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  1. Research process

  2. Research Process • I. Formulating the research problem • The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem constitutes the first step of scientific enquiry. • II. Objectives of the research • It explains the aims that the researcher intends to achieve through the research • III. Extensive literature survey • Books, articles, journals, reports etc • A good library will be a great help to the researcher

  3. Research Process • IV Developing of working hypothesis • Hypothesis provide the focal point of research. • The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research. • It sharpens his thinking and focus

  4. Research Process • IV Developing of working hypothesis • How does one develop hypothesis? • Discuss with colleagues and experts • Examination of data and records • Review similar studies • Personal investigation through field interviews • Working hypothsis must be stated in precise and clear terms.

  5. Research Process • V. Preparing the research design • Researcher will have to state the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. • There are two types of research designs: • A. Exploratory research • B. Conclusive research • 1. Descriptive research • 2.Causal research

  6. Research Process • VI. Determining sample design • When we select a few items from the universe for our study, the items selected constitute a sample. • Sample design is the way of selecting the sample. • Probability sampling vs. non probability sampling • One should restore to random sampling so that bias can be eliminated and sampling error can be estimated.

  7. Research Process • VII. Collecting the data • There are several ways of collecting data which differ in context of money, costs, time and other resources. • Primary data can be collected through experiments or surveys.

  8. Research Process • Survey Methods Surveys Questionnaire PI Observation Telephone interview Schedule

  9. Research Process • VIII. Execution of the project • The project should be executed in a systematic manner and on time. • IX. Analysis of data • Establishment of categories, tabulating and drawing statistical inferences. • Analysis work is based on computation of percentages, coefficients etc.

  10. Research Process • X. Hypothesis-testing • The hypothesis can be tested through the use of the following tests • Chi square • T-test • Z- test • XI. Generalisations and interpretation • Generalisation means to build a theory. • When the researcher explains the findings it is known as interpretation

  11. Research Process • XII. Preparation of the report • The layout of the report is divided into three parts:- • Preliminary pages • Title and date • Acknowledgements • Forwards • Table of content

  12. Research Process • XII. Preparation of the report • Main text • Introduction • Main report • Conclusion • End of the report • Bibliography • Appendices • Index (optional)

  13. Features of a good research • Objectivity • Systematic • Logical • Universality • Free from personal bias • Control • Empirical • Replicable

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