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Road to War

The Global Depression and The Rise of Dictators. Road to War. The Versailles Treaty Review. Italy gained less territory than promised Japan felt ignored Germany was harshly punished: Lost more than 10% of their territory Lost all their colonies Required to disarm

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Road to War

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  1. The Global Depression and The Rise of Dictators Road to War

  2. The Versailles Treaty Review • Italy gained less territory than promised • Japan felt ignored • Germany was harshly punished: • Lost more than 10% of their territory • Lost all their colonies • Required to disarm • Had to pay expensive reparations (war damages) • Forced to take all the blame • These nations (especially Germany) felt betrayed, angry, resentful

  3. Why were dictators able to gain control? • The unfair terms in the treaty of Versailles upset the people of these nations. • The Great Depression made people turn to dictators who promised relief.

  4. The Great Depression Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes • Worldwide interrelationship of governments and economies • Huge war debts • American loans to Europe • Widespread use of credit • Overproduction of goods • Industrial wages rise as farm earnings fall • New York stock market crash • Farmers unable to repay loans • Banks demand repayment of loans • American loans to other countries dry up • Without capital, businesses and factories fail Long-Term Effects Immediate Effects • Rise of fascism and Nazism • Governments experiment with social programs • People blame scapegoats • World War II begins • Vast unemployment and misery • Protective tariffs imposed • Loss of faith in capitalism and democracy • Authoritarian leaders emerge

  5. The Great Depression

  6. A Changing Society After World War I, many people yearned to return to life as it had been before 1914. But rapid social changes would make it hard to turn back the clock. New technologies helped create a mass culture shared by millions in the world’s developed countries. The war changed social values and the class system itself. Affordable cars gave middle-class people greater mobility. Rebellious young people rejected the moral values of the Victorian age and chased excitement. Labor-saving devices freed women from many time-consuming household chores. Women pursued careers in many arenas. Radios brought news, music, and sports into homes throughout the western world.

  7. Mussolini’s Italy SOCIAL POLICIES POLITICAL STRUCTURE ECONOMIC POLICY By 1925, Mussolini had assumed the title Il Duce, “The Leader.” In theory, Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy. In fact, it became a dictatorship upheld by terror. The Fascists relied on secret police and propaganda. Mussolini brought the economy under state control. Unlike socialists, Mussolini preserved capitalism. Workers received poor wages and were forbidden to strike. The individual was unimportant except as a member of the state. Men were urged to be ruthless warriors. Women were called on to produce more children. Fascist youth groups toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline.

  8. What Is Fascism? In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different things in different countries. All forms of fascism, however, shared some basic features: • extreme nationalism • pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion • glorification of action, violence, discipline, and, above all, blind loyalty to the state • rejection of democratic ideas • glorification of warfare as a necessary and noble struggle for survival- Militarism

  9. Hitler’s Rise to Power After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, Hitler transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. • 1936: Hitler and Mussolini form the Rome-Berlin Axis • 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland • 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria • Hitler wants the Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia where many German people live.) • Czechoslovakia refuses and France and Russia support Czechoslovakia • September 1938: Hitler and Chamberlain (Prime Minster of England) met in Munich Germany. • If Hitler is given the Sudetenland, will he stop?

  10. 4 The Third Reich ECONOMIC POLICIES POLITICAL POLICIES Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the hated Treaty of Versailles. Hitler organized a system of terror, repression, and totalitarian rule. Hitler launched a large public works program. Hitler began to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles treaty. SOCIAL POLICIES CULTURAL POLICIES School courses and textbooks were written to reflect Nazi racial views. The Nazis sought to purge, or purify, German culture. Hitler sought to replace religion with his racial creed. The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology. Hitler spread his message of racism. The Nazis sought to limit women’s roles.

  11. Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin

  12. Expanding Territory

  13. Do-Now • Open up the activity packet to page 1: • ‘Identifying Assumptions: Political Cartoon’ • Study the cartoon and respond to questions 1,2, and 3 on the worksheet.

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