Disorders of the Digestive system

1. Disorders of the Digestive system

2. Stomatitis • Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. • Occurs simultaneously with glossitis, gingivitis and palatitis (Inflammation of tongue, gum and palate respectively).

3. Etiology • Physical causes • Injuries due to sharp objects or coarse feed • Injuries due to sharp teeth and malpositioned teeth • Injuries due to faulty drenching • Too hot or too cold food • Chemicals: • Irritant chemicals and drugs such as acid and alkali, turpentine oil, etc.

4. Etiology (contd.) • Infective causes: • Virus RP, FMD, IBR, CD, etc. • Bacteria Streptococci, Staphylococci, Spherophorusnecrophorus, Actinobacillus, etc • Fungus Monillaspp, Candida spp, Aspergillus spp. • Parasites Plant lies , mites, leeches • Nutritional Vitamin B deficiency (riboflavin, niacin) • Allergy Ingestion of stinging plants and insects.

5. Clinical signs • Anorexia due to pain • Profuse salivation, foaming at the mouth with stingy saliva hanging down from the mouth. Saliva may contain pus or epithelium. • Smacking of the lips.

6. Clinical signs • Oral mucosa become red and swollen • Vesicles on the oral mucosa • Enlargement of local lymph nodes- sub maxillary and pharyngeal lymph nodes.

7. Diagnosis • From clinical signs • Examination of swab or scrapping to determine the causative agent • Vesicular fluid should be collected in 50% glycerin buffer for confirmatory tests.

8. Treatment • Foreign bodies if any may be removed • Collutory(Mouth wash) • Potassium permanganate (1: 10000) or 0.1 % soln. • 2 % Copper sulphate solution • 2% Alum soln. • 1 -2 % Boroglycerine • Antibiotics- in systemic diseases and to prevent secondary infection. • Antihistanimics

9. Treatment (contd.) • Supportive therapy • Inj. Vitamin A and C • Fluid therapy. • Provide soft food and grass

10. Esophageal obstruction • Sudden occlusion of the esophagus • Characterized by excessive salivation, deglutition inability and regurgitation.

11. etiology • Internal obstruction by foreign bodies • Feed material- mango seed, potatoes, turnips, etc. • Non-feed foreign materials- stones, metals, wood, glasses, etc. • Mural obstructions • Neoplasms and extra growths • Eg. Spirocercalupa may cause obstruction.

12. Etiology (Contd.) • Extramural obstructions • Tuberculosis or abscess of mediastinallymphnode • Neoplasm of cardiac end of stomach • Oesephagealdiverticulum • Displacement of the heart and lung base

13. Pathogenesis • spasm of esophageal musculature and forceful movement of the rumen/stomach • Excessive salivation with slimy saliva.

14. There are three sites of obstruction • Immediately behind the pharynx (oropharynx) • Cervical part of the esophagus, and • Thoracic part of the esophagus

15. Clinical signs • Salivation, restlessness, refusal of food, protrusion of tongue, respiratory distress • Grunting (cattle) • Stretching of head and neck from side to side (cattle) • Fatal tympany

16. Clinical signs (contd.) • Regurgitation and cough (cattle) • Pawing on the ground (horse) • Pawing in the mouth Dyspnoea • Vomiting (pigs, cats, dogs) • Foul breath, mouth held high (cats, dogs)

17. Diagnosis • History of ingestion of foreign body • Palpation of cervical esophagus for foreign bodies • Use of mouth gag to examine pharyngeal obstruction

18. Diagnosis • Stomach tube to judge the nature and location of obstruction • Radiography of full length of esophagus • Contrast radiography to locate the obstruction • Surgical exploration for prompt diagnosis and repair

19. Line of treatment • Removal of foreign body using long handled forceps in small animals • Sedation of animal in acute cases with much discomfort to the animal. • Atropine sulphate to relax esophageal spasms in large animals.

20. Treatment (contd.) • Trocarization in large animals to relief from bloat. • Digital manipulation using a mouth gag for solid obstruction in pharyngeal region. • Surgical interference