Atmospheric Forces

1. Atmospheric Forces AOS 101 Discussion Sections 302 and 303

2. Why Does the Wind Blow? • What makes the wind blow? • We need to think about Newton's Laws • 1st Law • An object at rest will remain at rest; an object in motion will remain in motion as long as no force is exerted on the object. • 2nd Law • The total force exerted on an object is equal to the acceleration of the object times its mass

3. Pressure Gradient Force • Compels fluids to move from high pressure to lower pressure

4. PGF and Wind

5. Isobars and PGF

6. PGF

8. Coriolis Force • An apparent force • Results from the constant rotation of the Earth • Northern Hemisphere • Acts at a 90°angle to the right of the object in motion (such as the wind) • This means that a wind from the south would have a CF acting toward the east

9. Imagine Dallas, TX fires a missile at Winnipeg, Manitoba…

10. Missile starts at Dallas, which is at a latitude of 37.28 N, rotates with the Earth at a speed of 465.11 m/s.

11. Missile travels toward Winnipeg which, at a latitude of 52.00 N, rotates with the Earth at a speed of 286.35 m/s

15. Geostrophic Balance L 996 mb X 1000 mb 1004 mb H

16. Geostrophic Balance Pressure Gradient Force L 996 mb 1000 mb 1004 mb H

17. Geostrophic Balance Pressure Gradient Force L 996 mb 1000 mb Coriolis Force 1004 mb H

18. Geostrophic Balance Pressure Gradient Force L 996 mb Geostrophic Wind 1000 mb Coriolis Force 1004 mb H

19. Upper Level Flow PGF CF

20. Geopotential Height

21. Geopotential Height

22. PGF/ CF/ Centripetal

24. Friction Force Friction Wind

25. Friction Force • This throws the wind out of geostrophic balance • There is now a net force acting on the wind in the direction opposite its motion PGF FR Wind CF

26. Friction Force • Upper Level Wind • Balance: PGF/ CF • Lower Level Wind • Balance: PGF/ CF/ Friction • Friction causes wind to cross isobars at ~30°angle at surface

28. Front Collapse Experiment

29. Front Collapse Experiment

30. Rotating Tank Experiment

31. Atmospheric Fronts AOS 101 Discussion Sections 302 and 303

32. Warm Front

33. Warm Front • Drawn as a red line with red semi-circles pointing in the direction of the front’s movement

34. Cold Front • Drawn as a blue line with blue triangles pointing in the direction of the front’s movement

35. Stationary Front • Stalled • No movement of the temperature gradient • Convergence of wind • Drawn as alternating segments of red semicircles (warm front) and blue triangles (cold front) in opposite directions

36. Occluded Front • A region where a faster moving cold front has caught up to a slower moving warm front. • Generally occurs near the end of the life of a cyclone • Drawn with a purple line with alternating semicircles and triangles

37. Cold Occlusion • The type most associated with mid-latitude cyclones • Cold front "lifts" the warm front up and over the very cold air • Associated weather is similar to a warm front as the occluded front approaches • Once the front has passed, the associated weather is similar to a cold front • Vertical structure is often difficult to observe

38. Warm Occlusion • Cold air behind cold front is not dense enough to lift cold air ahead of warm front • Cold front rides up and over the warm front • Upper-level cold front reached station before surface warm occlusion

39. Fronts

40. Identifying Fronts We know that we need to look for low pressure and a boundary of cold and warm air. To pinpoint the parts of our cyclone, look for specifics in the observation maps • Find the center of cyclonic rotation • Find the large temperature gradients • Identify regions of wind shifts • Identify the type of temperature advection • Look for kinks in the isobars