1 st Semester Exam Study Guide Review

1. 1st Semester Exam Study Guide Review

2. 1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion? • Weathering = breaking down of rocks into sediments • Erosion = transport of sediments away from source

3. 2. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering? • Chemical weathering - breaking down of rocks by chemicals • Mechanical weathering - breaking down of rocks physically

4. 3. List examples of chemical weathering? • Rusting (air) • Water • Acid precipitation • Acids in living things • Acids in groundwater (makes caves)

5. 4. List examples of mechanical weathering? • Water • Wind • Gravity • Ice • Plants • Abrasion • Animals

6. 5. List examples of ways rocks and sediments can be eroded? • Glaciers (ice) • Rivers (water) • Ocean waves (water) • Wind • Precipitation (water = rain, snow, sleet)

7. 6. What is soil? • Soil – loose mixture of organic material, rock particles, minerals, air, and water that can support vegetation

8. 7. Why is soil important for humans? • Through the food chain, energy (food) is provided for us because of soil

9. 8. How do igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks form? • Igneous – cooling of molten rock • Sedimentary – weathering and erosion of sediments that become compacted • Metamorphic – heat and pressure

10. 9. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks? • Intrusive – magma cools into rock beneath the surface • Extrusive – lava cools into rock on the surface

11. 10. How are rocks classified? • By how the are formed

12. 11. How are sediments created? • The weathering (breaking down) of rocks.

13. 12. Which type of rocks can have fossils? • Sedimentary rocks

14. 13. What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock? • Foliated – has bands • Non-foliated – does NOT have bands

15. 14. What are the 7 ways to identify minerals? Describe each. • Color – what it looks like • Luster – shiny • Fracture – how it breaks • Hardness – how resistant to breaking • Density = mass / volume • Streak – powder it leaves behind

16. 15. How do you find volume of a mineral using a graduated cylinder? • Fill cylinder to a certain amount (ex. 20mL) • Place mineral in cylinder • Water will rise, look at new water level (ex. 25mL) • Subtract (ex. 25mL – 20mL = 5mL) • Answer is the volume of mineral (ex. 5mL

17. 16. How do you calculate density of a mineral? • Mass / Volume = Density

18. 17. What is a volcano? • An opening on the Earth’s surface where molten rock, gases, and ash erupt from.

19. 18. What is the difference between effusive and explosive eruptions? • Effusive – quiet eruptions that produce fast moving lava due to low silica content • Explosive – violent eruptions that produce slow moving lava and ash du to high silica content

20. 19. What are the three main types of plate boundaries? Describe the motion of plates. • Convergent – plates crash into each other • Divergent – plates move away from each other • Transform – plates slide past one another

21. 20. What are tectonic plates? • Broken up pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere

22. 21. What is Pangaea? • One giant “supercontinent” that existed a few hundred million years ago.

23. 22. What landforms would be created for each of the following: • Continental-continental collision • Oceanic-oceanic collision • Continental-oceanic collision • Continental-continental divergence • Oceanic-oceanic divergence • Mountains • Volcanic island chains • Volcanoes on land • Rift valley • Mid-ocean ridge

24. 23. What do we call the exact point underground where an earthquake occurs? • Focus

25. 24. What is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s origin called? • Epicenter

26. 25. What is a fault? • A break in the Earth’s crust

27. 26. What is a tsunami? • A giant ocean wave created when an earthquake, volcano, or underwater landslide displaces and moves a large amount of water

28. 27. What is a wave energy that travels through the Earth and away from an earthquake’s origin? • Seismic wave

29. 28. What is the difference between an S, P, and L-wave? Describe what type it is, motion and name. • S-wave • P-wave • L-wave • Secondary wave • Side-to-side motion • Body wave • Primary wave • Push-pull motion • Body wave • Last wave • Side-to-side AND up-and-down (like an ocean wave) • Surface wave

30. 29. What is the difference between the Mercalli and Richter Scale? • Mercalli Scale – measures damage of earthquake • Richter Scale – measures magnitude (energy) of earthquake

31. 30. What are the three main (compositional) layers of the Earth? Describe each. • Crust – outer layer of Earth made of rocks • Mantle – middle layer of Earth made of magma • Core – center of Earth made of iron

32. 31. What are the five physical layers of the Earth? Describe each. • Lithosphere – outer solid layer of Earth (includes Crust) • Aesthenosphere – plastic layer of Earth (upper part of Mantle) • Mesosphere – middle layer of Earth (Mantle) • Outer core – made of liquid iron • Inner core – made of solid iron

33. 32. List the 5 steps of the scientific method. Explain each. • Recognize the problem – use observations & inferences to research your problem • Form a hypothesis – educated guess • Experiment – test your hypothesis • Analyze data – turn data into charts & graphs for better understanding • Conclusion – summary of your experiment and results that can be communicated to others

34. 33. In a scientific experiment, what are the four parts of an experiment? Describe each. • Independent variable – being tested • Dependent variable – what you’re measuring • Constants – factors that stay the same • Control – comparison experiment