Semester 1 Exam Review

1. Semester 1Exam Review Section 2

2. Cells Chapter 7

3. 1. State the cell theory (3 parts) • The cell is the basic unit of structure & function. • All living things are composed of cells. • All cells come from preexisting cells.

4. 2. List the following from the least inclusive (smallest) to the most inclusive (largest). • cells • tissue • organ • organ system

5. 3. Define selectively permeable membrane • (semi-permeable membrane) • chooses what to allow through membrane

6. 4. Give the function of the following parts of the nucleus (control center of the cell):

7. 5. Give the function of the following cell organelles and identify the type(s) of cell in which the organelle is found.

8. #5 (part 2 of chart)

9. 6. What are the differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and give one example of each. • Prokaryotes • no nucleus or membrane bound organelles • only unicellular • example - bacteria • Eukaryotes • has nucleus and organelles • unicellular & multicellular • example - animals, plants, fungi, protists

10. 7. List 2 structures used for movement found in unicellular organisms such as the Euglena and Paramecium: • Euglena • flagella • one or two whip-like tails • Paramecium • cilia • many short hair-like projections

11. 8. List the composition of cytoskeleton. (2 things) • microtubules • microfilaments

12. 9. Materials are moved into and out of cells in diffusion, osmosis, and facitilated diffusion by going from areas of high (or greater) concentration to areas of low (or lesser) concentration

13. 10. Define osmosis. • movement of water from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

14. 11. Define diffusion • movement of a substance from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration.

15. Draw a cell in a hypertonic environment. Label the environment, show a key for the solute & solvent, and draw an arrow to show which way the water will move. X - solute, O - water environment is hypertonic Draw a cell in a hypotonic environment. Label the environment, show a key for the solute & solvent, and draw an arrow to show which way the water will move. X - solute, O - water environment is hypotonic 12. Predict the direction of diffusion of a dissolved substance. X O X O X O X X X X X O O X X X X X X O O X X X O X X X X X X X O X O X X X X O X X O X X X O X O X O X O X O X O O O O O X O X O O X O O O O O X O O O O O X O X O O X O O X O O O X O X X X X X O X X O X O O O O X O cell will shrink cell will get bigger

16. 13. Define facilitated diffusion • passive transport where proteins are used to transport materials across the cell membrane

17. 14. Shrinking of animal cells due to the loss of water is called • plasmolysis • This occurs when the cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution.

18. 15. Bursting of animal cells due to excess water entering the cell is called • cytolysis • This occurs when a cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution.

19. Name the pressure against cell walls due to excess water moving into the cell – turgor pressure (or osmotic pressure) This occurs when the cell is surrounded by what type of solution? hypotonic

20. 17. How do passive and active transport differ from each other? • Passive • no energy required • movement is from high to low • examples – osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion • Active transport • energy is required • get the energy from ATP • movement is from low to high • example – sodium-potassium pump

21. 18. List three types of passive transport • diffusion • osmosis • facilitated diffusion

22. 19. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? • both process involve materials that are too large to pass through the cell membrane. • endocytosis is when the materials enter the cell • exocytosis is when the materials exit the cell

23. 20. Is the sodium-potassium pump an example of passive or active transport? • active

24. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

25. 21. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use energy of the sun to make their own food.

26. 22. The green pigment in plant cells is called • chlorophyll • What is the need for chlorophyll? • to capture sunlight & provide the electrons needed as an energy boost • to change solar energy into chemical energy

27. 23. The cell organelle in which photosynthesis occurs is the • chloroplast.

28. 24. Plants use sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air, along with water taken in through the roots of the plant, and change light energy into food.

29. 25. The food produced by the plant is glucose, which is a monosaccharide.

30. 26. A gas, oxygen (or O2), is given off during this productions of a carbohydrate.

31. 27. The 2 reactants in photosynthesis are • carbon dioxide (CO2) & water (H2O)

32. 28. The 2 end products in photosynthesis are • glucose (C6H12O6) & oxygen (O2)

33. 29. Give the overall equation for photosynthesis: • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll

34. 30. Organisms that are able to use the energy of sunlight to make their food are known as autotrophs.

35. 31. Organisms that are not able to make their own food and must obtain energy from the food they eat are known as heterotrophs.

36. 32. Pigments are colored substances that either reflect or absorb light.

37. 33. Plants appear green because they reflect green light.

38. 34. There are two stages of photosynthesis. Name them and give another name used for each. • Light dependent reactions or light reactions • Light independent reactions or Calvin cycle or dark reactions

39. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

40. 35. Most animals and plants get their energy from the stored food, glucose made by plants. Animals get this food by either eating plants or eating animals that have eaten plants.

41. 36. The stored food, glucose, must be digested and carried to the mitochondria of the cell where energy will be released.

42. 37. Label the parts of ATP.

43. 38. The process of breaking down glucose, in plants and animals, to release energy is called respiration.

44. 39. The cell organelle in which cellular respiration occurs is the mitochondria.

45. 40. The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose and O2.

46. 41. The energy produced during cellular respiration is stored in molecules of ATP

47. 42. The end products of cellular respiration are • 1) 6 H2O • 2) 6 CO2 • and energy (ATP)

48. 43. Write the equation for cellular respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)