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Big Society, Sport and Big Democracy: What is Sport? Who are the Stakeholders?

Big Society, Sport and Big Democracy: What is Sport? Who are the Stakeholders?. Cathy Devine University of Cumbria Sports Coaching: Pasts and Futures: Manchester Metropolitan University: 25-26 June 2011. Democracy & Power 2011. Sport England Strategy 2008-2011.

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Big Society, Sport and Big Democracy: What is Sport? Who are the Stakeholders?

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  1. Big Society, Sport and Big Democracy:What is Sport? Who are the Stakeholders? Cathy Devine University of Cumbria Sports Coaching: Pasts and Futures: Manchester Metropolitan University: 25-26 June 2011

  2. Democracy & Power 2011

  3. Sport England Strategy 2008-2011 • ‘National Governing Bodies will be at the heart of delivery and funded via a simple single pot’ • ‘focus exclusively on sport’ • ‘greater autonomy over the investment of public funds’ • ‘high standards of internal organisation and democracy’ • ‘reach and serve all sectors of society’ • ‘developing the girl’s & women’s game’ • ‘work to increase women’s participation in football’

  4. ‘From bureaucracy to democracy. From big government to Big Society. From politician power to people power.’ David Cameron: 8 July 2010

  5. What is Democracy?International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) (2008) • A political concept • Popular control and political equality • popular control over public decision making and decision makers • Equal exercise of citizenship rights • equality of respect and voice between citizens in the exercise of that control

  6. Democracy Assessment FrameworkAdapted from: International IDEA (2008)

  7. Democracy Assessment Framework Adapted from International IDEA (2008)

  8. Democracy Assessment Framework Adapted from International IDEA (2008)

  9. Democracy Assessment FrameworkAdapted from International IDEA (2008)

  10. UK Sport Policy: Ontological Shift • 1995: Competitive Sport for Sports Sake (ideologically based policy) • Sport, Raising the Game (DNH, 1995) • 1997-2004: Sport for Social Good (evidence based policy) • England, the Sporting Nation (ESC,1997) • Sport England Lottery Fund Strategy 1999-2009 (SE, 1999) • The Value of Sport (SE, 1999) • Game Plan (Strategy Unit, 2002) • 2005: London awarded 2012 Olympic Games: Sport/PA bifurcaction • 2005-2010: Sport for Sports Sake (ideologically based policy) • Sport England Strategy 2008-2011 (SE, 2008) • Be Active be Healthy (DoH 2009) • 2010: Competitive Sport for Sports Sake (ideologically based policy) • ‘for this government, competitive sport really matters…in its own right’ (Jeremy Hunt, Secretary of State, DCMS, 28.6.10) • DCMS Structural Reform Plan (DCMS, 2010) • Sport for Peoples Sakes? • Big sporting society • Fully realised sporting citizenship • Sport for All?

  11. Active People Survey 4Sport England: October 2009-October 2010Comparison: APS2 Baseline

  12. Active People Survey 5Sport England: January 2010-January 2011Comparison: APS2 Baseline

  13. The Sexual Division of PlayTuesday 15 March 2011: Manchester Ailey 2 in Alvin Ailey’s ‘Revelations’ Photo: Eduardo Patino The Lowry, Manchester: 1730 seats Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre Primarily school groups doing A2 Dance and ‘Revelations’ as set piece Ecstatic reaction, standing ovation Audience primarily (not exclusively) girls and young women Significant black audience Champions League: Manchester United vs Marseille Old Trafford, Manchester Javier Hernandez Spectators primarily (not exclusively) boys and men

  14. Sports Participation in Scotland 2000 (Sportscotland, 2001)Sexual Division of Play • Most popular sports amongst women: aerobics (75%), dancing (74%), swimming (60%), yoga (87%), horse riding (75%) • Least popular sports amongst women: football (7%), fishing (8%), rugby (8%), golf (12%), squash (15%) • Most popular sports amongst men: football (93%), rugby (92), golf (88%), fishing (92%), squash (84%) • Least popular sports amongst men: yoga (13%), aerobics (25%), dancing (26%), horse riding (25%), gymnastics (29%)

  15. Top Ten Sports by GenderBullough and Moore (2010)Sexual Division of Play

  16. Gendered Sporting Citizenship • Formal sporting citizenship rights accorded to all individuals (gender neutral) • Inequalities of opportunities & power derive from sexual division of labour… and play • Women more likely to be second class sporting citizens than men • So: • Citizenship of equality (but androcentric)? • Citizenship of difference (valued differently or equally)? • Critical synthesis (Lister 1997) transformation (Walby 2002)

  17. ‘Activity choice’ and physical education in England and WalesSmith, Green & Thurston (2009)Androcentric Sporting Citizenship despite Sexual Division of Play • Restrictions particularly felt amongst girls…dissatisfied with over-representation of a small number of traditional team sports • ‘It was like last week, they gave us the choice of basketball and rounders and there was twenty-odd of us that wanted to do dance and they said “No, sorry” ‘ (‘Eve’) • ‘Lots of us enjoy dance don’t we?’ (‘Donna’) • ‘We mainly do footy don’t we?’ (‘Carl’) • ‘They (teachers) don’t offer us things that the boys usually do- like football-that some girls are really interested in. They just think that all we’re into are “girly” sports…’ (Amy) • Conclusions: Democratisation and Informalisation

  18. Big Sporting Democracy: Critical SynthesisAdapted from Lister 1997 & Fraser 2009 • Sexual division of labour: • Decentring waged work and valorising unwaged activities (e.g. caring) • Both valuable? • Sexual division of play • Decentring competitive sport and valorising other movement activities (e.g. dancing, outdoor and adventurous activities, recreational rather than performance & elite sport, ‘sport for all’ rather than ‘grassroots sport’) • All both or some valuable?

  19. Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Education: October 2010The Importance of Teaching - The Schools White Paper: DfE 2010PE resignified as sport (androcentric) • ‘I want competitive sport to be at the centre of a truly rounded education that all schools offer’ • ‘the government is clear that at the heart of our ambition is a traditional belief that competitive sport, when taught well, brings out the best in everyone’ • The government plans to ‘revise the PE curriculum… to place a new emphasis on competitive sports’ • ‘We will provide new support to encourage a much wider take up of competitive team sports. With only one child in five regularly taking part in competitive activities against another school, we need a new approach to help entrench the character building qualities of team sport’.

  20. Concepts of Sporting Citizenship underlying UK Sport, PA and PE policies • Competitive sport for sport’s sake (and gender mainstreaming?): ‘naturalise injustices of gender and remove from political contestation’ (Fraser 2009) • Competitive sport does not bother to legitimise (evidence base) its hegemonic status as a universal right, a meta overarching category. • Hegemonic status of sport (competitive, performance) results in an emphasis on performance and professional sport, a minor/sub/partial category • Stakeholders defined primarily as internal to competitive performance sport • ‘Grassroots sport’ (part of performance ladder) has replaced ‘sport for all’ (plural, inductive) • Ideological retreat from equality and collective entitlement to ‘sport for all’ • Sport and physical activity conflated when useful to do so: slippery concepts, category errors: sport flips from meta overarching category to minor sub/partial category • Gender-neutral (androcentric universal sportsman) concept of sporting citizenship and gender mainstreaming (gender sidelining)

  21. Big Sporting Society: 2012 Olympic Legacy

  22. Big Sporting Society: 2012 Olympic Legacy

  23. Democracy Assessment FrameworkAdapted from: International IDEA (2008)

  24. Wytham Woods: Tobias Reynolds, 2010 Big Sporting Democracy: can’t see the wood for the trees!

  25. Selected References • Beetham, D., et al, 2008. Assessing the Quality of Democracy: A Practical Guide. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Available online: http://www.idea.int/publications/aqd/upload/aqd_practical_guide.pdf [accessed 24 June 2011]. • Bullough, S. and Moore, R., 2010. The Importance of ‘Student Voice’ Consultation with Young People. Presentation to Sport for Sport Conference, Hatfield. 9 September 2010. • Cameron, D., 2010. Speech. David Cameron: We will make government accountable to the people. Conservative Party. 8 July 2010. Available online: [accessed 14 July 2010]. • Fraser, N., 2009. Feminism, Capitalism and the Cunning of History. New Left Review. 56, 97-117. New Left Review. • Gove, M., 2010. The Importance of Teaching-The Schools White Paper. DfE. Available online: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/CM-7980.pdf [accessed 24 June 2011]. • Lister, R., 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. New York, New York University Press. • Smith, A., Green, K., and Thurston, M., 2009. ‘Activity choice’ and physical education in England and Wales. Sport Education and Society, 14(2) 203-222. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from SPORTDiscus database. • Sport England, 2011. Active People Survey 5. Sport England. Available online: http://www.sportengland.org/research/active_people_survey/active_people_survey_5.aspx [accessed 24 June 2011] • Sport England, 2008. Sport England Strategy 2008-2011. Sport England • Sportscotland, 2001. Sports Participation in Scotland 2000. Research Digest 84. Edinburgh, Sportscotland. • Walby, S., 2005. Measuring women’s progress in a global era. International Social Science Journal, 57(184), 371-387. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from Academic Search Complete database.

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