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American Society 1870-1900

American Society 1870-1900. Immigration plus industrialization led to rapid urbanization—growth of cities . American Society 1870-1900. 1920 census: . 1921: 51.4% of Americans lived in cities of 2,500 or more . New York City: 3 million in 1900 5.6 million in 1920

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American Society 1870-1900

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  1. American Society 1870-1900 Immigration plus industrialization led to rapid urbanization—growth of cities

  2. American Society 1870-1900 1920 census: 1921: 51.4% of Americans lived in cities of 2,500 or more New York City: 3 million in 1900 5.6 million in 1920 Chicago: 1 million in 1900 3 million in 1920

  3. American Society 1870-1900 Cities: Cheapest & most convenient places to live Jobs for unskilled laborers in mills and factories Provided social support of other immigrant families 1890, more Irish in NYC than in Dublin, Ireland; world’s largest Polish population in Chicago, IL

  4. American Society 1870-1900 Immigration changes population 1861: immigrants: 20% of increase 1881-1885: just short of 50% of increase 1906-1910: 60% of population increase 1916-1920: decline a. World War I b. Great flu epidemic c. Spanish American War d. Chinese Exclusion Act e. Red Scare following W W I

  5. American Society 1870-1900 Agricultural inventions reduced need for labor on farms Many farm workers moved to cities for industrial jobs Included several African Americans moving from the South—200,000 between 1890 and 1910 to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression

  6. American Society 1870-1900 Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux Antidote to congestion of the city landscape

  7. American Society 1870-1900 Chicago’s Columbian Exposition—1893 N. Y. Metropolitan Museum Of Art Daniel Burnham and The Great White City

  8. American Society 1870-1900 Row houses—single family dwellings for working class Immigrants lived in dumb- bell tenements—over- crowded and unsanitary Garbage/trash collection was infrequent and people dumped on street or in building air shafts causing rats, filth and disease.

  9. American Society 1870-1900 Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives(1910)

  10. American Society 1870-1900 Transportation: Mass transit First electric streetcar line in Richmond, VA in 1888 Cable cars in San Francisco 1873 Subway in Boston in 1897

  11. American Society 1870-1900 Elisha Otis Louis Sullivan

  12. American Society 1870-1900 Fire prevention and fighting Building materials changed from wood to steel and brick 1853—Cincinnati, OH—first paid fire department Great fires: Chicago (Oct 8, 1871) San Francisco (earthquake) April 18, 1906

  13. American Society 1870-1900 Chicago: 29 hours, 300 deaths, 3 square miles, 100,000 homeless, 17,500 buildings, $200 million San Francisco: 4 days, 478 deaths, 5 square miles, 250,000 homeless, 28,000 buildings, $500 million

  14. American Society 1870-1900 Water—challenge to supply safe, fresh water to people in cities 1840s-1850s, New York and Cleveland built public waterworks Still, little indoor plumbing— faucets on streets; lugged to apartments 1893—chlorination; 1908—filtration

  15. American Society 1870-1900 Thomas Crapper—but did not solve the sanitation problem as long as sewage poured into open ditches or streams

  16. American Society 1870-1900 Social Gospel: linking religion to improving society, particularly relief to the poor. Example: The Salvation Army Limited relief, however; Tensions between Protestants and Catholics over religious doctrine and standards of morality Restrict aid to “deserving poor” Too much assistance would breed dependency; poverty due to laziness or alcoholism

  17. American Society 1870-1900 Reform via Settlement Houses Community centers in slums that that provided help and friendship Middle class, college educated women Jane Addams— Hull House in Chicago Solving neighborhood problems Antiwar & racial justice activist; Nobel Peace Prize 1931

  18. American Society 1870-1900 Murder rate in late 19th century 1880: 25 per million; 100 per million

  19. American Society 1870-1900 Evolution of political machines Organization controlling activities of one political party in cities Services to voters and business in exchange for votes or money City boss; ward bosses; precinct captains and workers City boss’s power: control of thousands of jobs, including police, firefighters, sanitation & influence over courts and licenses

  20. American Society 1870-1900 Political machines sympathetic to immigrants—jobs, citizenship, housing, political protection in exchange for votes Some machines turned to fraud Dogs, children, dead people voting Kickbacks on municipal contracts— workers turn in bill higher than actual cost & “kick back” a portion of earnings

  21. American Society 1870-1900 Tammany Hall New York City Democratic machine, 1869-1871 William Marcy “Boss” Tweed & Tweed Ring— pocketed $200 million in kickbacks & payoffs. Ridiculed by cartoonist Thomas Nast in Harper’s Weekly. Tweed eventually convicted.

  22. American Society 1870-1900 Factors that made boss rule possible Power of immigrant voters Link between political organizations and the wealthy, prominent citizens who profited from their dealings Structural weaknesses of city governments Boss: invisible government—alternative to inadequate municipal government

  23. American Society 1870-1900 Shopping First shopping center: Cleveland, OH, 1890 First department store: Marshall Field in Chicagoin 1865. “Give the lady what she wants.”Allowed people to take merchandise home on approval. F. W. Woolworth—The Five and Dime Store and first chain store, 1870s

  24. American Society 1870-1900 Mail-order catalogs Montgomery Ward--1872 Sears Roebuck--1896 Richard Sears & Alvah Roebuck 1910—10 million Americans shopped by mail—enhanced by RFD (Rural Free Delivery)

  25. American Society 1870-1900 American Leisure 1889 saying: “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will.” Simon Patten The Theory of Prosperity The New Basis of Civilization In modern, industrial societies, the problems of scarcity had been overcome. The new economics would create enough wealth to satisfy needs and desires; focus—pursuit of pleasure

  26. American Society 1870-1900 American Leisure Amusement parks—often built by trolly-car companies seeking more riders Coney Island in NY (first roller coaster 1884) First Ferris Wheel: Chicago World’s Fair 1893

  27. American Society 1870-1900 Spectator sport of baseball 50 clubs by 1850 1869—Cincinnati Red Stockings toured playing local teams 1876—National League 1901—American League 1903—First World Series— Boston Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates Negro Leagues for African Americans

  28. American Society 1870-1900 Shoeless Joe Jackson

  29. American Society 1870-1900 Football: appealed to the more elite segments of the male population—originated in colleges/universities Rutgers v. Princeton, 1869 Dr. James Naismith

  30. American Society 1870-1900 Spectator sport of boxing (prize fighting) Bare knuckles Marquis of Queesnberry rules John L. Sullivan—1882 Gentleman Jim Corbett used footwork (boxing skill) to knock out Sullivan in 21st round in 1892

  31. American Society 1870-1900 Live theater—Sarah Bernhardt, Lillie Langtry, and Jenny Lind Vaudeville—songs, dancing, slapstick comedy, chorus lines Circus: P. T. Barnum & Anthony Bailey The Greatest Show On Earth

  32. American Society 1870-1900 Ragtime music: Scott Joplin Motion pictures 10-minutes; 1 reel The Great Train Robbery 1903—told a story D. W. Griffith’s epic The Birth of a Nation 1915—3 hours but Inflamed racial prejudice

  33. American Society 1870-1900 Mass Circulation Newspapers Sensational headlines and promotional stunts (Nellie Bly, New York World) Joseph Pulitzer— pioneered Sunday editions, sports pages, comics, women’s news “Sin, sex, and sensation”

  34. American Society 1870-1900 Mass Circulation Newspapers William Randolph Hearst Yellow journalism— exaggerated tales of Spanish cruelty.Also personal scandals, hypnotism, and an imaginary conquest of Mars

  35. American Government 1870-1900 Leaders: political mediocrities Rigid stalemate Both major parties: strength and stability But: Federal government did relatively little of importance Politics: not national; rather based on broad regional, ethnic or religious sentiments Party system: 16 solidly Republican states 14 solidly Democratic (South) 5 “Swing” States

  36. American Government 1870-1900 A period of GOP presidents (all but Cleveland) Popular vote separation: 1.5% or less GOP: Senate (treaties, Supreme Court justices political appointments) Democrats: House of Representatives (Money bills) Voter turnout: 78% of those eligible to vote 60-80% for off year or local elections CA Primary 2006: 28%; General: 37%

  37. American Government 1870-1900 • Party Loyalty: • Democrats • Southerners (the Solid South) • Catholics • Immigrants • Poorer workers • Temperance; pro-immigration • Republicans • Northern Protestants • Old stock citizens • More nativist (anti-immigation)

  38. American Government 1870-1900 Federal government: Deliver mail Maintain a military Conduct foreign policy Collect tariffs and taxes Administer Civil War pensions For Civil War veterans who had retired or for widows and children At peak: majority of elderly Northern male citizens Corrupt

  39. American Government 1870-1900 Reform of Spoils System Patronage (giving of government jobs to those who helped candidates get elected) out of control Many not qualified for positions Some used positions for personal gain Reformers pushed for a merit system

  40. American Government 1870-1900 Enraged GOP Sen. Roscoe Conkling and his supporters, the Stalwarts. Half-Breeds: James G. Blaine Both competed for control of the GOP; but neither much interested in political change—simply wanted more power and patronage

  41. American Government 1870-1900 Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican or G.O.P) Named independents to cabinet One member fired clerks who had no work to do Commission to investigate customhouses. Hayes fired two top officials of NYC customhouse.

  42. American Government 1870-1900 James A. Garfield Hayes chose not to run in 1880 GOP Convention floor fight between Stalwarts (opposing spoils reform) and two groups of reformers: Mugwumps (civil service reform) & Half-Breeds (reform but still loyal to party) Garfield a compromise candidate

  43. American Government 1870-1900 James A. Garfield Garfield ties to reformers Conkling supporter, Chester A. Arthur, named VP candidate Arthur had been one of two NYC customhouse officials fired by Hayes Garfield defeated Battle of Gettysburg hero Winfield S. Hancock

  44. American Government 1870-1900 Garfield defeated Battle of Gettysburg hero Winfield S. Hancock

  45. American Government 1870-1900 Garfield gave reform Republicans most patronage jobs. Stalwarts furious July 2, 1881, Garfield shot in Washington, D.C. train station by deranged Stalwart, Charles Guiteau, whom Garfield had turned down for a patronage job. Garfield dies September 19, 1881 and Arthur becomes president

  46. American Government 1870-1900 Arthur turned reformer as president Urged Congress to enact a civil service law Pendleton Act of 1883— bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through merit system determined by an examination. Caused politicians to court big business for campaign contributions

  47. American Government 1870-1900 1884,Arthur does not run;Democrat Grover Clevelanddefeated James G. Blaine—first Democratic president in 24 years Supported lower tariffs to bring down prices/ opposed by business/ industry. Congress did not support

  48. American Government 1870-1900 1888, Cleveland defeated by Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison Harrison financed by big business/industry Cleveland won popular vote; Harrison won electoral vote During Harrison Administration, Congress enacted McKinley Tariff Act of 1890, raising tariffs to highest level

  49. American Government 1870-1900 Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Proposed by John Sherman, Senator from Ohio Outlawed trusts as interfering with free trade Almost impossible to enforce—law was too vague and Supreme Court did not support

  50. American Government 1870-1900 McKinley Tariff (October 1890) Highest protective tariff in the history of the U. S. up to that time Republicans suffered a stunning defeat in the 1890 off-year elections William McKinley

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