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Multipixel Geiger mode photo-sensors (MRS APD’s)

Multipixel Geiger mode photo-sensors (MRS APD’s). INR, Moscow. Yury Kudenko. ISS meeting, KEK, 25 January 2006. Near Detectors at 280m. Off-axis (~2 o ). ND280m hall.  19 m. Super-K. 37 m. Beam center. On-axis (0 o ). - ~ 10 5 WLS fiber channels - individual readout.

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Multipixel Geiger mode photo-sensors (MRS APD’s)

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  1. Multipixel Geiger mode photo-sensors (MRS APD’s) INR, Moscow Yury Kudenko ISS meeting, KEK, 25 January 2006

  2. Near Detectors at 280m Off-axis (~2o) ND280m hall 19m Super-K 37m Beam center On-axis (0o) - ~ 105 WLS fiber channels - individual readout

  3. Principles of MRS APD operation CPTA, Moscow (MRS APD) MePhi/PULSAR, Moscow (SiPM) Dubna Multipixel Geiger mode APD’s invented in Russia in 1980’s Number of pixels  450 - 4000 limited Geiger mode PMT: diameter 20 mm MRS: active area 1x1mm2 diam 1 mm Depletion region  2m Drift velosity  107 cm/s Field  (2-3)x105 V/cm Qpixel = Cpixel x V = Cpixel x (Vbias - Vbreakdown) Cpixel  50fmF V  few volts  Qpixel  2x106 electrons

  4. MRS APD One pixel ~ 40 x 40 m2

  5. MRS APD - Diameter of active area 1.1 mm - Number of pixels 556 - Geometrical efficiency 70-80 % - Photon detection efficiency at th=0.5 p.e. and dark rate ~1MHz 10-15% - Bias voltage range 25-75 V - Gain 106 - 107 - Sensitivity to magnetic field( 9T) no - Cross talk 4-6% - Auto calibration and control separated p.e. peaks - Dark noise rate (th =0.5 p.e)  1 MHz • New devices • - Dark noise rate • PDE • - Dynamic range, linearity of signal • - Temperature effects • - Long time stability • Lifetime • Recovery time LED signal

  6. Dark noise rate 1pe 2pe 3pe Dark noise rate Threshold, p.e. Dark rate, MHz 0.5 1.0 1.5 ~0.1 2.5 0.01 Temperature dependence ~70 – 100 kHz/deg

  7. Photon detection efficiency (PDE) PDE=εpixel × QE × εGeiger 30-70% 60-80% 50-80% PDE=12% 1 MHz Typical PDE ~12% (at 1 MHz (th=0,5 p.e.) New CPTA devices PDE ~15%

  8. Linearity and cross talk MRS APD, 556 pixels The same LED signal to MRS APD and PMT through Y11 fiber Crosstalk Bias voltage = 40.0 V Dark rate (0.5p.e) ~ 1MHz Crosstalk = 5-6%

  9. Temperature effects PDE gradient ~ -1.8%/deg Dark noise rate gradient ~70-90 kHz/deg

  10. Stability and lifetime study High temperature test l.y. measurement After temp correction For 2 years ~150 CPTA devices are studied 3 dead On-going test: 10 devices are at 80 deg and HV for 15 days All OK

  11. Recovery time Dec’05 MRS #1710-002 t First pulse: Black – 50 p.e Red - 100 p.e. Green - 300 p.e. Second: - 100 p.e. Large pulse >600 p.e. Second pulse ~100 p.e.

  12. Beam test of SMRD detector SMRD: about 5000 extruded scintillator slabs ~ 90 cm x 20 cm x 1.0 cm Beam test at KEK, Nov 2005. Sci/WLS/(both end MRS readout) detector 1.4 GeV/c pions and protons Extruded scintillator (Vladimir, Russia) Chemical reflector Fiber KURARAY Y11, double clad, 1 mm 8p.e. l.y. from one end of slab Ped

  13. Beam test results Beam scan along the slab Time resolution S-type SMRD detector: l.y. (sum of 2 ends) 152 p.e. MIP efficiency >99% Timing at 15 p.e. ~ 1.7 ns () Space resolution ~12 cm ()

  14. Summary and outlook Status Perspectives Diameter 1.1mm1.1, 1.2-1.5 mm PDE 12-15%OK,R&D  20% Dark noise rate ~1 MHz (0.5 p.e.) manufacturers aim to decrease 100 kHz (1.5 p.e)OK Time resolution 1- 3 ns () with Y11 OK, both end readout to suppress noise Cross talk  4-6%OK Gain 106 – 107 OK Linearity range 200 p.e. 600 pixelsOK, 1000-2000 pixels 20-30 p.e. 100 pixelsOK for SMRD, on-axis Long term stability ~1000 hrs, 1-2%OK,more tests Lifetime 3 of450 are deadlooks not bad,study is ongoing Temperature Dark noise rate +(70-90) kHz/deg PDE -1.8%/deg22-25 deg OK,low temp is better Recovery time  1-5 sOK - Great progress in development of Multi-pixel Silicon devices for last 2-3 years - Such devices are now considered as base-line photo-sensors for the T2K near detector at 280 m

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