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Plate 84

Plate 84. Viral Diseases of the Digestive and Lymphoid Organs. Viral Gastroenteritis. Viral gastroenteritis : inflammation of stomach and intestines Often called “stomach flu”, although it is not caused by the influenza virus

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Plate 84

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  1. Plate 84 Viral Diseases of the Digestive and Lymphoid Organs

  2. Viral Gastroenteritis • Viral gastroenteritis: inflammation of stomach and intestines • Often called “stomach flu”, although it is not caused by the influenza virus • Symptoms: primarily diarrhea and vomiting, but also headaches, fever, and stomach-ache

  3. Yellow fever • Sometimes known as “yellow jack” or “black vomit” • Called “yellow fever” because of the jaundice that it causes • RNA icosahedral (Flaviviridae family) virus

  4. Symptoms • 3-6 days of incubation, then 3-4 days of fever and muscle pain • Most patients improve and symptoms disappear • 15% of patients enter a 2nd toxic phase: • Bleeding from mouth, nose, eyes, and/or stomach • Kidney failure • Jaundice • 50% mortality in 14 days • No cure, just treatment for symptoms

  5. Symptoms • Jaundice – “yellowing” of skin and eyes • Bile passes from the gallbladder and/or liver into the bloodstream

  6. Transmission • The virus is transmitted via mosquito bites • Virus passes from the mosquito’s saliva to the human bloodstream • Can also pass from monkeys to mosquitoes to humans Aedes aegypti mosquito

  7. Transmission • Estimated 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths per year worldwide • Vaccine is very effective • Cases have increased over the past 20 years due to urbanization, deforestation, and climate change

  8. Philadelphia • Summer 1793, French refugees (some who had Yellow Fever) fled the Haitian Revolution and came to Philadelphia • By November 1793, about 5,000 Philadelphians had died (more than 10% of population) • Summer 1794, Yellow Fever returned, but not as severely, and also in 1796 and 1797 • Another severe epidemic came in 1798, killing 1,292 Philadelphians • At the peak of the 1798 epidemic, all but 7,000 residents had left the city

  9. Dengue Fever • Also known as “break-bone” fever • RNA icosahedral (Flaviviridae family) virus

  10. DF - Symptoms • Dengue fever has symptoms which can be very similar initially to flu • Most people suffer from headaches and fever, some get muscle and bone pains • An infected person can feel tired for up to three months, but will not usually need treatment • May lead to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), which is potentially lethal

  11. DF - Symptoms (continued) Itchy rash. Everywhere I had ever been injured hurt again. Achy like the flu but worse. Exhausted. Literally took months to regain full energy and stamina.

  12. DF - History • Dengue fever originated in primates and “jumped” to humans 100-800 years ago • Because of disruption from WWII and international trading of cargo, the Aedes mosquito has spread to tropical regions around the world • Not until 1981 that the disease became problematic in Latin America and the Caribbean

  13. DF - Location • 40% of the world’s population live in areas where they are at risk for dengue transmission • WHO estimates that there are 50-100 million infections a year and 22,000 deaths • http://www.healthmap.org/dengue/index.php

  14. DF - Treatment • There is no cure for dengue fever nor is there specific medication for it • Patients should rest, take pain-relievers, and drink plenty of fluids

  15. DF - Transmission • Dengue viruses are mainly transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

  16. Mononucleosis • The “kissing disease” • Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4)

  17. Mono - Symptoms

  18. Mono - Symptoms

  19. Mono Symptoms - Swollen Tonsils

  20. Mono - Transmission • Virus spread through salivary drops

  21. Hepatitis A • RNA enterovirus (hepatitis A virus – HAV)

  22. HAV - Symptoms • Can cause: • Swelling of the liver • Jaundice • Fatigue • Loss of appetite • Diarrhea

  23. HAV - Transmission • Spread primarily by food or water contaminated by stool from an infected person • Eating food prepared by someone with HAV who did not wash their hands after using the bathroom

  24. Hepatitis B • Hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus – HBV)

  25. HBV - Symptoms • Short-term HBV resembles symptoms of the flu • Possible symptoms include fever, dark urine, vomiting, and jaundice • Long-term HBV (chronic HBV) lasts a lifetime and can lead to scarring of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer • Interferon can be used to slow the virus from damaging the liver

  26. HBV - Transmission • HBV is spread through contact with blood, semen, or other body fluids of an infected person

  27. Hepatitis C • Symptoms • jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, nausea • Long term • infections (55-85%), leading indication for transplant, • Info. • No vaccine, interferon, do not share personal items, rarely STD

  28. Hepatitis D • Symptoms • jaundice, fatigue, tea-colored urine joint pain • Long Term • more sever acute disease & risk of failure • Info. • acquires along with HBV

  29. Hepatitis E • Symptoms • Jaundice, dark urine, loss appetite, fatigue • Long Term • no long term often seen in pregnancy • Info. • highest among 15-40 yo, contaminated water

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