Progressions in Psychomotor Development

1. Progressions in Psychomotor Development Birth through 9 years

7. From 2 – 2.5 years • A child can • Jump from a height of 12” with one foot leading • Jump off the floor with both feet • Balance on one foot • Takes short running steps on toes • Throws a 9.5 ball 4-5 feet

8. From 2.5 – 3 years • A child can • Jump from a height of 18” with one foot leading • Stands on a walking board 6 cm. wide • Attempts to step while on walking board • Catches a 16.25 inch ball with arms straight

9. From 3 – 3.5 years • Child can • Walk backwards easily • Walk UP stairs alternating feet, no rails • Make sharp turns while running • Jump forward and land on both feet • Rises to feet from a kneeling position in a mature pattern • Climb on playground equipment • Jumps down from 8 inch elevation with both feet together • Demonstrates elementary hopping pattern – 1 foot

10. From 3.5 to 4 years • Child can • Walk down stairs, alternating feet, WITH use of rail • Jump from a height of 12” with feet together; • Performs 3 consecutive hops on preferred foot • Throw a tennis ball for distance (8-9 feet) using a forward stance • Identify body planes • Catches a 16.25 inch ball with elbows in front

11. From 4 – 4.5 years • Child can • Stand/balances on one foot for 4-8 seconds • Walk on the balance beam • Balance while changing direction, from the trunk • Walk up and down stairs WITHOUT rail, alternating feet • Run smoothly, at alternating speeds • Jump forward, 8-10 inches; running jump 22-33 inches • Jump over a rope 2 inches high

12. 4 – 4.5 years - continued • Child can • Catch a large ball with arms flexed at the elbow • Throw a tennis ball overhand with trunk rotation • Bounce a large playground ball • Kick a large playground ball with accuracy • Ride a tricycle expertly • Turn a forward summersault

13. From 4.5 – 5 years • Child can • Jump backward • Jump over a stationary rope 4” high • Slide down a playground slide • Swing on a playground swing

14. From 5 – 5.5 years • Child can • Stand on one foot without visual feedback • Walk the balance beam forward, sideways and backwards • Run 35 feet in 10 seconds • Hop 45 feet in 10 seconds • Throw a tennis ball with trunk rotation and forward weight shift (step) • Catch a bounced tennis ball with hands

15. From 5 – 5.5 yrs. - continued • Child can • Hit a T-ball with a bat • March, keeping time to the music • Use skates, sled, wagon or scooter well • Gallop leading with both preferred and non-preferred leg • Kicks a soccer ball through the air a distance of 8-11.5 feet • Alternates feet in basic skipping movements

16. From 5.5 – 6 years • Child can • Throw a 9.5 inch ball 14-15 feet • Catch a 16.25 inch ball with elbows at the side of the body

17. From 6 to 7 years • Child can • Skip at an intermediate level • Throw a softball for distance • Boys - 34.1 feet • Girls - 19 feet • Walk on a balance beam 4 cm wide and 2.5 meters long in 9 seconds stepping off less than once per trial • Run • Boys - 4.2 yd/sec. • Girls - 4.1 yd/sec.

18. 6 – 7 years - continued • Child can • Perform a standing broad jump • Boys - 37+ inches • Girls - 36+ inches • Perform a standing high jump of 8 inches • Kick a soccer ball in the air a distance of 10-18 feet • Perform 2-2 hopping pattern and skip in mature pattern ~ 6.5 yrs [Girls]. • Hop 15 ft. on right and left feet [Boys]

19. 6 – 7 years - continued • Child can • Visually fixate on and pursue (track) an object through all meridia and cross the mid-line smoothly • while Keeping the head/neck in a fixed position • Can cross mid-line in gross and fine motor activities in a differentiated [smooth and easy] fashion

20. From 7 – 8 years • Child can • Run • Boys – 4.6 yd/sec. • Girls – 4.4 yd/sec. • Throw softball for distance • Boys – 45+ feet • Girls – 25+ feet • Perform a standing broad jump • Boys – 41+ inches • Girls – 40 inches

21. 7 – 8 years - continued • Most girls can perform 3-2 hopping pattern • Both boys and girls Mature skip in mature fashion

22. From 8 – 9 years • Child can • Throw a softball for distance • Boys – 59 ft. • Girls – 34 ft. • Run • Boys - 5.1 yd/sec. • Girls – 4.6 yd/sec. • Perform a standing broad jump • Boys – 46+ inches • Girls – 46 inches

23. Also from 8-9 years • Most boys can perform 2-2 hopping pattern

24. Developmental Parameters of Vision

25. VISION • TWO TYPES: • REFRACTIVE (focal vision) … VERSUSORTHOPTIC(related todepth perception and balance) • THESE ARE THE CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF VISION AND VISUAL DEVELOPMENT

26. The critical subcomponentsof vision and visual development VISUAL ACUITY REFRACTIVE FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTION ORTHOPTIC DEPTH PERCEPTION ORTHOPTIC VISUAL-MOTOR COORDINATION OPTHOPTIC

27. Visual Acuity - Static Vision(pick out detail in stationary objects, Snellen chart: 20/20) - Dynamic Vision (pick out detail in moving objects) - Developmental aspects (rapid improvement 5-7, plateau 7-8, mature 10-12)

28. Figure-Ground Perception  where - Figure (specific object) -Ground(background object(s)) - Developmental aspects (slow improvement 3-4, rapid improvement 4-6, mature 8-12) • An element of depth perception

29. Depth Perception judging distance - accomplished via depth cues - (monocular= size, texture, distance, shading etc.) - (binocular = retinal disparity, convergence) - Developmental aspects  (frequent errors 3-4 yrs., few errors 5-6 yrs.,rapid improvement 7-11 yrs., mature 12 yr.)

30. Visual-Motor Coordination the ability to coordinate vision with body movements - A.K.A. Object tracking& interception - Developmental aspects  (rapid improvement 3-7 yrs., slow improvement, 7-9 yrs., mature 11-12 yrs.)

31. Development of Body Image • Identification of Body Parts • Understanding the Function of Body Parts • Efficient Utilization of Space • Right-left and Bi-Lateral Discriminations during Movement Function

32. Birth  1 year  3 years  Can watch the hand move Stomach, head , parts of face, limbs, hands, fingers and toes Objects in relation to body planes, e.g., “things are in front, to the back or to the side of ..” A child from birth through 3 can visually/verbally identify these body parts

33. Also …. a child at age 3 • Knows the words “right” and “left,” but not that they are on opposite sides of the body

34. 5 years  6 years  7 years  Shoulders, elbows, knees; middle and ring fingers Trunk appears in drawings; thighs, forearms, etc. identified Wrists, ankles, shins, parts of limbs A child from 5 through 7 can visually/verbally identify these body parts

35. 5 years  6 years  7 years  8 years  9 years  Knows right and left are on opposite sides but is unable to tell which is which Some left-right judgments made accurately More correct right-left judgments on self and in letters, numbers etc. Can identify the left-right of others when facing them Can describe the left-right movements of others while watching them Left-right identification 5 – 9 years

36. Fine Motor Skill Progressions

38. Note  Critical Developmental Skills of Prehension, Grasping and Releasing • Prehension grasping and releasing e.g. tennis ball, pencil, etc. • Effective grasping (9 mos.) • Thumb opposition (9-10 mos.) • Object release (18 mos.)

39. Manipulating a Writing Instrument • Sequence = supination, pronation, dynamic tripod (7 yrs.) • Posture, hand position

40. Continued - Fine Motor Manipulative Behavior • Drawing and writing

47. Stages of Drawing and Writing

48. Stage 1  • Scribbling developing hand-eye coordination  (15-20 MOS.)

49. Stage 2 • Development of Diagrams and combinations of diagrams ~ 1-2 yrs.

50. Stage 3  • Combine stage  basic geometric figures (spirals, crosses)  to more precise figures, e.g., circles, squares, etc. ~ 2 yrs