Chapter 2: Origins of American Government

1. Chapter 2: Origins of American Government

2. p. 012 Students Will Be Able To: a. explain the significance and impact of the English on the government in the USA b. identify the steps that led to the independence of the colonies c. explain the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation d. summarize the major compromises made at the Constitutional Convention e. identify the opposing sides in the fight for ratification of the Constitution Objectives

3. p. 012 The United States constitutional system incorporates democratic elements that were developed in Athens and Rome. The United States constitutional system incorporated ideas from the Magna Carta, the English Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights. Principles of government and law developed by leading European political thinkers—Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Montesquieu—may be found in the Constitution of Virginia, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States of America The charters of the Virginia Company of London extended the rights of Englishmen to the colonists. The Declaration of Independence is an expression of natural rights philosophy. Virginians played key roles in securing individual liberties. Essential Understandings

4. p. 012 What elements of the United States constitutional system evolved from Athens and Rome? What elements of the Constitution of the United States of America are derived from the Magna Carta, the English Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights? What were the fundamental principles of American government and law developed by leading European political thinkers? Why are charters of the Virginia Company of London significant? How are the natural rights philosophies, expressed by John Locke and Jean- Jacques Rousseau, reflected in the Declaration of Independence? What role did George Mason, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison play in the adoption of the Bill of Rights? Essential Questions

5. English Heritiage p. 013

6. p. 013 1. the concept of a democracy originated in Ancient Athens – direct democracy 2. Ancient Rome improved the concept of the indirect democracy and republic Ancient Roots

7. p. 013 1. orderedgovernment - first English colonists based their government of those they knew in England a. sheriff, coroner, grand jury, counties, etc 2. Limited government - the concept that government is not all powerful 3. representative government - government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government Basic Concepts of Government

8. p. 013 1. The Magna Carta a. barons forced King John to sign it in 1215 b. first document to establish a limited government c. right to a trial by jury, due process of law, 2. The Petition of Right a. the barons transformed into Parliament b. Parliament forced King Charles I to sign the Petition of Right in 1628 c. challenged the divine right of kings and further limited the king's powers 3. The English Bill of Rights a. passed by William and Mary in 1689 b. required that elections be free, the king could not raise taxes without the consent of Parliament, right to a fair trial, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Landmark English Documents

9. King John signing the Magna Carta Magna Carta Fundamental rights: Trial by jury Due process of law Petition of Right Guarantee of trial by jury Protection against martial law Protection against quartering of troops Protection of private property

10. William and Mary English Bill of Rights Limited power of the monarch Guarantee of no standing army in peacetime Guarantee of free elections Guarantee of right of petition Parliamentary checks on power

11. The Colonies on Their Own p. 013

12. p. 013 1. The basic rights of Englishmen were guaranteed to the colonists by the charters of the Virginia Company of London. 2. Virginia was first with the settlement at Jamestown in 1607; was settled as a business charter 3. Massachusetts was first settled by those looking for religious freedom 4. the colonies governed as they pleased for 150 years a. 3,000 miles from Britain - 2 months by sea b. first document of self-rule in the colonies was the Mayflower Compact The Thirteen Colonies

13. The Thirteen Colonies

14. 3,000 Miles

15. Growing Colonial Unity p. 015

16. p. 015 1. Britain won and France was forced to give up all claims in the “United States” 2. colonists no longer needed protection from France 3. Britain was bankrupt – expected colonies to pay debts French and Indian War

17. The French and Indian War

18. The Thirteen Colonies

19. The colonies after the French-Indian War

20. King George III

21. p. 015 1. Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island attended 2. discussed the growing problems with the French and Native Americans 3. Ben Franklin proposed the formation of an annual congress made up of delegates from the 13 colonies a. have the power to raise military and naval forces; make war and peace with the native Americans, regulate trade with them... b. denied by the colonies and the Crown The Albany Plan

22. p. 015 1. formed in response to the Stamp Act (1765) – first direct tax on colonists 2. argued they had no representation in Parliament, so the Stamp Act was illegal 3. first open political act of defiance Stamp Act Congress

23. p. 015 1. colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians (led by Samuel Adams) dumped 342 chests of British tea into the Boston Harbor Boston Tea Party

24. p. 015 1. met in response to the Intolerable Acts (1774) – called Coercive Acts by Parliament a. stated Mass could no longer govern itself and closed Boston Harbor b. united the colonies 2. delegates from all colonies except Georgia imposed an embargo on British goods 3. King George III declared “The New England governments are in a state of rebellion.” 4. April 19, 1775 first shots of Revolutionary War are fired in LexingtonandConcord, Mass a. "the shot heard 'round the world" First Continental Congress

25. Revolutionary War Battle

26. p. 015 1. May 10, 1775 – delegates from all thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia 2. assumed powers of a central government 3. John Hancock was named its president, George Washington was named the commander of the Continental Army 4. acted as government throughout the war Second Continental Congress

27. Independence p. 017-019

28. p. 017 1. Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution stating the “that these united Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent states.” June 6, 1776

29. p. 017 1. committee of five was supposed to write it; Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson a. mostly written by Thomas Jefferson 2. July 4, 1776 – the Congress approved the Declaration of Independence a. John Hancock was the first to sign it 3. it’s a blend of political ideas that have been around for a long time 4. 3 Parts a. begins with a statement of the purpose of the Declaration b. middle consists of complaints against King George III c. ends with statement of how determined Americans are to break free Declaration of Independence

30. p. 017 1. two months later – 8 colonies had drafted state constitutions; all colonies had constitutions within a few years 2. Common Features a. popular sovereignty b. limited government c. civil rights and liberties d. separation of powers and checks and balances First State Constitutions

31. p. 017 1. written by George Mason in 1776 2. States that all Virginians should have certain rights, including freedom of religion and the press 3. Basis for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America Virginia Declaration of Rights

32. p. 019 1. written by Thomas Jefferson in 1779 2. States that all people should be free to worship as they please. 3. First time religious freedom was protected by law 4. Basis for the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, which guarantees religious freedom Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

33. The Articles of Confederation p. 019-21

34. p. 019 1. the first constitution of the entire US; more like “a firm league of friendship” 2. Congress was the sole body created a. it was unicameral and the States could choose their delegates in whatever way they wanted 3. established noexecutiveorjudicial branch 4. each state had one vote in Congress Governmental Structure

35. The United States under the Articles of Confederation

36. p. 019 1. Northwest Ordinance – established a fair policy for the development of land west of the Appalachian Mountains and declared that newly admitted states would be equal to the older states 2. treatywith Great Britain 3. set up departments of Foreign Affairs, War, Marine and Treasury a. still exist today as State, Defense, Navy and Treasury 4. each state to treat each other’s citizens equally Achievements

37. The United States under the Articles of Confederation

38. p. 019 1. one vote for each State, regardless of size 2. Congress was powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties 3. Congress was powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce 4. no executive branch to enforce the acts of Congress 5. no national court system 6. Amendments could be made only with the consent of all States 7. nine of the 13 states were required to pass laws 8. The Articles were only a “firm league of friendship” Weaknesses

39. p. 019 1. the new nation was in debt 2. Shay’s Rebellion – Mass. Farmers, led by Daniel Shays, tried to take over the Springfield arsenal for weapons; they failed The Critical Period, the 1780s Daniel Shays

40. p. 021 1. Mount Vernon a. Virginia and Maryland were in a dispute over trading rights to the Potomac b. George Washington invited them to talk at his home 2. Annapolis Convention a. representatives from five of the States met and agreed to meet in Philadelphia “for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation…” Need for a Stronger Government

41. The Constitutional Convention p. 021-23

42. p. 021 1. Rhode Island was the only state not to send anyone 2. average age was 42 a. Ben Franklin was 81 3. Thomas Jefferson, John Adam, John Hancock, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee did not attend The Framers

43. p. 021 1. George Washington – was the president of the convention 2. each state delegation would have 1vote 3. needed a majority of the States to conduct business a. a majority of the votes cast would carry any proposal 4. adopted a rule of secrecy to protect themselves from outside pressure 5. threw out the Articles and decided to create a new Constitution Organization and Procedure

44. p. 021 • 1. blend of the Virginia Plan (by James Madison) and the New Jersey Plan (by • William Patterson) • a. Virginia Plan • called for a government with three branches • bicameral legislature – lower house based off of population, lower house chooses the upper house • Congress would choose the National Executive and the National Judiciary • goal was the creation of a truly national government with greatly extended powers • b. New Jersey Plan • unicameral legislature with each of the States equally represented • weak federal executive of two or more people chosen by Congressthe federal judiciary would be composed of a ”supreme Tribunal” appointed by the executive • 2. legislative branch to have 2 parts • a. House of Representatives – membership based on state population • b. Senate – 2 from each state The Connecticut Compromise

45. James Madison and Roger Sherman

46. p. 023 1. argument between the Northern and Southern states as to whether or not slaves should be counted as citizens 2. all “free persons” should be counted, and so too, should “three-fifths of all other persons” 3. win for the South because they have now have a larger population 4. win for the North because there was a direct tax based on population paid to Congress The Three-Fifths Compromise

47. Three Fifths Compromise

48. p. 023 1. Congress agreed not ban the slave trade until 1808and that it would regulate interstate and foreign commerce, but it could not tax exports Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

49. Signing the Constitution

50. Ratifying the Constitution p. 023