Certosa di Pontignano, Siena 26 th - 30 th June 2007

1. Certosa di Pontignano, Siena26th- 30th June 2007 Denise MiliziaUniversity of Bari d.milizia@scienzepolitiche.uniba.it

2. Keywords in political discourse and phrases cut and run

4. Keywords in political discourse and phrases cut and run see eye to eye

6. Keywords in political discourse and phrases cut and run see eye to eye connect the dots send our men and women into harm’s way that is not going to happen on my watch stand shoulder-to-shoulder, side-by-side climate change the issue of climate change the challenge of climate change war on terror fight against terrorism local control of schools failing schools underperforming schools

8. 2001 2007

9. 1 million words 5 million words

10. 1 million words vs 5 million words

11. 1 million words 1 million words vs vs 5 million words 2.5 million words

12. Three claims can be made (Scott 2006): • The choice of the reference corpus will affect the results 2.The features which are similar in the reference corpus and in the node corpus will not surface in the comparison 3.Only features where there is a significant departure from the reference corpus norm will become prominent for inspection

14. % Blair %Bush CLIMATE 0.05 85* TERRORISM 0.08 0.02 SCHOOLS 0.10 0.03 The asterisk on 85 next to the word CLIMATE shows actual occurrences, not percentages: the number was too small to show any significance as percentages in the five-million word corpus.

16. 269 example, Stop Climate Chaos and the whole climatechange debate, but these are organisations that • 273 about this at first.  We also introduced the climatechange levy which was an issue for a lot of • 274 of personal responsibility and taking a lead on climatechange is a difficult one politically isn't it.  • 275 and we should never give up on making it. PM's climatechange interview with Sky Read the transcript • 276 put them alongside the stuff we're doing in the climatechange review and the incentives we're giving to • 277 I mean the fact is, when we introduced the climatechange levy that meant that the heavy industrial • 278 described the long term costs of not tackling climatechange had an impact around the world. Everywhere • 279 together on the issue of the environment and climatechange where Mexico's leadership will be very • 280 doesn't finish, of course it will go on. But on climatechange particularly, what Chancellor Merkel has • 281 they have indicated they wish the issue of ClimateChange to be a major part of their Presidency. • 282 - whether, for example, it's how we tackle climatechange, provide affordable and sustainable • 283 to deliver greater energy security and action on climatechange, and this forms an increasing part of • 284 working closely with Germany's G8 Presidency on ClimateChange because they have indicated they wish the • 285 give for people and business to take action on climatechange, I think there is now a complete synergy • few weeks when we publish the details of the ClimateChange Bill, is I know David Miliband is working • 287 you look at the issues to do for example with climatechange or the Middle East, we are in a situation, • 288 both in the Energy White Paper coming up and the ClimateChange Bill that we will be dealing with next • 289 for instance in sustainable development, in climatechange and things that are to do with governance • 290 year as you have outlined on energy policy and climatechange and deregulation, is it a matter of regret • 291 welfare reform.  In February details of the ClimateChange measures in the ClimateChange Bill, new • 292 on the G8 process as well and the issue of climatechange. And I think here that we have a • 293 Our two countries attribute great importance to climatechange and sustainable development, as well a • 294 Blair has taken on clear leadership such as climatechange and environmental issues. I am very happy • 295 people know today that we have both the issue of climatechange and also the concerns over energy • 296 that you would like to make progress on, from climatechange to the Middle East, but you only have a • 297 clear from all the scientific evidence that the climate is changing, and I don't think there are many • 298 Poverty History was an interesting example, Stop Climate Chaos and the whole climatechange debate, but • 299 to win the argument for the Euro in such a climate. When do you expect this will change, that you • 300 ago the investment will come if people think the climate and framework is there for it. And the changes • 301 to 100 years arising from predicted changes in climate. Here the predictive capability of the science • 302 delivered a speech on ClimateChange at the ClimateChange and Governance Conference in New Zealand. • 303 details of the ClimateChange measures in the ClimateChange Bill, new licensing conditions for nuclear • 304 of both programmes for change in Africa and for climatechange, but I think it also depends on something • 305 third area is climatechange. Now in respect of climatechange there are a number of targets that Europe • 306 California ClimateChange Centre said that our climatechange cause can actually add $60 billion to our • 307 of climatechange and poverty. You talk about climatechange in terms of being a long term threat for • 308 climatechange was not on the agenda. By making climatechange a priority for Gleneagles I wanted to • 309 the huge changes that environmental concerns and climatechange bring.  We have now just done a deal with • 310 climatechange initiative here at the US Mayors' Climate Protection initiative. That action, committing • 311 change in energy policy and in policy towards climatechange. And incidentally it ties in perfectly, in • 312 change and Africa being important because if the climate carries on changing then the situation in Africa 87 of affordability of energy, to address these climatechanges with regard to that. So we discussed a 99 balances, a fallout from which is likely to be climatechanges which will have very major repercussions 180 out of this struggle than we can opt out of the climatechanging around us.  Inaction, pushing the

17. 269 example, Stop Climate Chaos and the whole climatechange debate, but these are organisations that • 273 about this at first.  We also introduced the climatechange levy which was an issue for a lot of • 274 of personal responsibility and taking a lead on climatechange is a difficult one politically isn't it.  • 275 and we should never give up on making it. PM's climatechange interview with Sky Read the transcript • 276 put them alongside the stuff we're doing in the climatechange review and the incentives we're giving to • 277 I mean the fact is, when we introduced the climatechange levy that meant that the heavy industrial • 278 described the long term costs of not tackling climatechange had an impact around the world. Everywhere • 279 together on the issue of the environment and climatechange where Mexico's leadership will be very • 280 doesn't finish, of course it will go on. But on climatechange particularly, what Chancellor Merkel has • 281 they have indicated they wish the issue of ClimateChange to be a major part of their Presidency. • 282 - whether, for example, it's how we tackle climatechange, provide affordable and sustainable • 283 to deliver greater energy security and action on climatechange, and this forms an increasing part of • 284 working closely with Germany's G8 Presidency on ClimateChange because they have indicated they wish the • 285 give for people and business to take action on climatechange, I think there is now a complete synergy • few weeks when we publish the details of the ClimateChange Bill, is I know David Miliband is working • 287 you look at the issues to do for example with climatechange or the Middle East, we are in a situation, • 288 both in the Energy White Paper coming up and the ClimateChange Bill that we will be dealing with next • 289 for instance in sustainable development, in climatechange and things that are to do with governance • 290 year as you have outlined on energy policy and climatechange and deregulation, is it a matter of regret • 291 welfare reform.  In February details of the ClimateChange measures in the ClimateChange Bill, new • 292 on the G8 process as well and the issue of climatechange. And I think here that we have a • 293 Our two countries attribute great importance to climatechange and sustainable development, as well a • 294 Blair has taken on clear leadership such as climatechange and environmental issues. I am very happy • 295 people know today that we have both the issue of climatechange and also the concerns over energy • 296 that you would like to make progress on, from climatechange to the Middle East, but you only have a • 297 clear from all the scientific evidence that the climate is changing, and I don't think there are many • 298 Poverty History was an interesting example, Stop Climate Chaos and the whole climatechange debate, but • 299 to win the argument for the Euro in such a climate. When do you expect this will change, that you • 300 ago the investment will come if people think the climate and framework is there for it. And the changes • 301 to 100 years arising from predicted changes in climate. Here the predictive capability of the science • 302 delivered a speech on ClimateChange at the ClimateChange and Governance Conference in New Zealand. • 303 details of the ClimateChange measures in the ClimateChange Bill, new licensing conditions for nuclear • 304 of both programmes for change in Africa and for climatechange, but I think it also depends on something • 305 third area is climatechange. Now in respect of climatechange there are a number of targets that Europe • 306 California ClimateChange Centre said that our climatechange cause can actually add $60 billion to our • 307 of climatechange and poverty. You talk about climatechange in terms of being a long term threat for • 308 climatechange was not on the agenda. By making climatechange a priority for Gleneagles I wanted to • 309 the huge changes that environmental concerns and climatechange bring.  We have now just done a deal with • 310 climatechange initiative here at the US Mayors' Climate Protection initiative. That action, committing • 311 change in energy policy and in policy towards climatechange. And incidentally it ties in perfectly, in • change and Africa being important because if the climate carries on changing then the situation in Africa • had on warming. We do not know how much the climate could, or will change in the future. We do not know how • to affect the climate as it is today, but the changes to that will be very minor. 87 of affordability of energy, to address these climatechanges with regard to that. So we discussed a 99 balances, a fallout from which is likely to be climatechanges which will have very major repercussions 180 out of this struggle than we can opt out of the climatechanging around us.  Inaction, pushing the

18. had to be defeated. Climate change is not an evil, it is not a conscious force, it is oups. Climate change, whose existence and damagecan surely no longer be a subject of serious framework on the basis that we accept climate change is a problemand we want to incentivise with a common problem here, we accept climate change is a problem, we have got to find a way through to h elp combat the long-term problem of climate change. It is crucial that we tacklethis, but in ways an agreement as to the basic science on climate change and the threatit poses. Such an agreement would the case, to the US and to others, that climate change is a serious threatthat we must address change and poverty. You talk about climate change in terms of being a long term threatfor us all, threatthat faces human civilisation is climate change. There is no longer any serious scientific in the world today on the threatthatclimate change poses to our environment and our planet. There We must focus on the threat of climate change, now made all the more acute by anxiety over to help combat the long-term problem of climate change. It is crucial that we tackle this, but in ways security if the planet is ravaged by climate change. Yet we know we cannot wait to tackle terrorism and the science necessary to tackleclimate change. Now I think within the G8 Plus Five dialogue, eliminate poverty in Africa and tackleclimate change.  However, the fact is we have a framework in of the world hope that we can tackleclimate change. Finally I am sure that there will be many but effective framework to tackleclimate change after the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012 should hether, for example, it's how we tackleclimate change, provide affordable and sustainable pensions or 12.5%. This was a spur for action - the climate change levy; the first economy-wide national greenhouse nd we found this when we introduced the climate change levyin the UK, which is one reason why we are in - are going to be doing this climate change levybut the rest of Europe isn't, so you are case, I mean we have done this with the climate change levy, saying that you want to encourage we have announced more measures on the climate change levy, more measures in for example building use the renewables, in things like the climate change levyon some of the major industrial users, you in the UK something called the climate change levy, which is a levy on the heavy industrial I was mentioning earlier, there is the climate change levy. Question: Could you tell us a little more Well for example in relation to the climate change levy, that is something that goes on business, this at first.  We also introduced the climate change levywhich was an issue for a lot of business, ean the fact is, when we introduced the climate change levythatmeant that the heavy industrial users this strugglethan we can opt out of the climate changing around us.  Inaction, pushing the a real impact on tackling the menace of climate change then we have to go far further. And I don't to take on the great enemythat is climate change.  What is in it though practically for Britain just so concernedabout the effects of climate change and global warming that I think people are now of our concernover how do we solve climate change and deliver a clean energy future. There was a who never before were concernedaboutclimate change realise we have to use less oil anyway because that 78% of people are concernedaboutclimate change. But people are confused about what they can do. hanges that environmental concernsandclimate change bring.  We have now just done a deal with EDF - today that we have both the issue of climate change and also the concernsover energy security, first item we addressed was energy and climate change. The British and ourselves are deeply concerned

19. 1 Change because they have indicated they wish the issue of ClimateChange to be a major part of their 2 climatechange, poverty and renewable energy - issues on which we also agreed to cooperate closely. 3 climatechange. But we have in both those huge issues facing us the possibility of making a real 4 climatechange. The trouble with long-term issues is that they seldom fit political time-scales. 5 on climatechange the other day, this is the issue that is now being driven right across the world 6 poverty; climatechange and world trade: the issues are too vast, the interdependence between us too 7 problems of climatechange. And on a domestic issue that has picked up while you have been here, your 8 jeopardised by climatechange and environmental issues, and we will endorse the objectives set by 9 introduced the climatechange levy which was an issue for a lot of business, but actually what has 10 such as climatechange and environmental issues. I am very happy to have had this opportunity to 11 global poverty, climatechange, all of these are issues where Britain and Australia have much in common 12 today. Africa and climatechange are two such issues that cry out for such an approach. We made 13 didn't. Clearly the climatechange thing is an issue which has arrived since Brandt and that is a new 14 Minister. Obviously climatechange is a major issue for my generation and the next, therefore I was 15 we need to lead the way. Climatechange is an issue where charity very much begins at home. So should 16 Middle East, global poverty, climatechange, the issues to do with, if you like, the concerns of other 17 with the issues to do with climatechange, the issues in other words that are issues that aren't 18 with the issues to do with climatechange, the issues in other words that are issues that aren't 19 Minister Blair has given on the climatechangeissues, including being prepared to put time into the 20 and you can't resolve the climatechangeissue without the involvement of the United States and 21 also saw eye to eye that on the Iranian nuclear issue, climatechange, development assistance and the 22 be random and savage. So just take these three issues: climatechange; Africa and world trade. Work 23 and he will speak directly to you on the issue of climatechange. We warmly thank him for his 24 especially in Africa, and then in respect of the issue of climatechange where we had a very full and 25 whether it is on Aids, or on Africa, or on this issue of climatechange, he is still providing the 26 country leads the world both in terms of the issue of climatechange and also of course meeting our 27 about security and cost of supply, and also the issue of climatechange.  Now I think in the end 28 because people know today that we have both the issue of climatechange and also the concerns over 29 don't always need to carry on getting worse. The issue of climatechange is now very, very critical 30 in there.  Look first of all just on the issue of climatechange and what we can do personally, 31 particularly on the G8 process as well and the issue of climatechange. And I think here that we have 32 where our troops work together, or the G8 issues of climatechange in Africa, we work on the same 33 has done a tremendous amount in addressing issues of climatechange. To remain competitive, 34 thank you very much for linking the two issues of climatechange and poverty. You talk about 35 global institutions are essential to deal with issues of climatechange and sustainable development. 36 need this multilateral system to address these issues of climatechange and so on, as well as looking 37 point for example on us having a dialogue on an issue like climatechange, which is going to have an 38 only from words turned into deeds. So take these issues: Africa, climatechange, world trade. Imagine 39 causes. We should also be dealing with the issues to do with climatechange, the issues in other 40 European grid, research and development on issues to do with climatechange and of course using 41 causes. We should also be dealing with the issues to do with climatechange, the issues in other 42 including some of the challenging and difficult issues to do with climatechange, world trade and 43 destruction. We all need to work together on issues to do with climatechange. We all need to make 44 economic growth in Europe. We discussed the issues to do with climatechange and Kyoto. We are both 45 say than any other international leader on this issue. He has put climatechange at the heart of the G8 46 have to be. It is true that each of the three issues - world trade, climatechange, Africa - that 47 it was very nicely done.  And I think that the issues incidentally of climatechange and global 48 to supply more than 30% of their water. These issues, and the challenge of climatechange, cannot be 49 have agreed to work very closely together on the issue of the environment and climatechange where 50 simple answer. But I think when you look at the issues to do for example with climatechange or the 51 in terms of the long term future there is no issue that is more important than climatechange. And I 52 it. Tomorrow we will obviously be talking about issues to do with the environment and climatechange,

20. Both positional and constituency variants are found

21. 1 stronger on the challenges of poverty, climatechange and trade justice.  I have no doubt at all it is 2 stronger on the challenges of poverty, climatechange and trade justice.  I have no doubt at all it is 3 confront and overcome the challenge of climatechange; and that above all can show us not that we can 4 world - facing up to the challenge of climatechange. Kyoto is right and it should be ratified by all 5 These issues, and the challenge of climatechange, cannot be handled in national isolation. They 6 stance to deal with the challenge of climatechange. Last year in the context of the WTO 7 the world, and that is the challenge of climatechange. I think myself and the President are both 8 fact is when we look at the challenge of climatechange, yes it is important that Britain has 9 greatest environmental challenge: climatechange. Our effect on the environment, and in 10 do so firmly in the belief that tackling climatechange or other environmental challenges need not limit 11 scientists and engineers. Meanwhile, climatechange presents one of the greatest challenges. Science 12 the livelihoods of poor people. Climatechange is one of the key environmental challenges we 13 of our energy supply. And in respect of climatechange I would say there is no greater challenge that

22. the challenge that we face in global climatechange. Everybody from the Vice President, the

30. 1 school federation between a really successful school and afailing school, at the moment a local 2 in our schools, it is to make sure that the schools that are failing and not offering children the 3 their role is to organise and to deal with the schools that are failing, or with very poor standards, 4standards, make good schools excellent, average schools good, and those failing give them a new lease 5and intervening early and quickly where schools are under-performing orfailing. So thank you 6replacing some of the most difficult and failed schools in the entire country. The average proportion 7between a really successful school and a failing school, at the moment a local authority could go in, 8Paper, we also intervene decisively in failing schools. For the first time in 20 years Hackney has no 9that? Paul Lawrence: Just if you are a failing school or in serious weakness, it might be that you 10when that is required. Over 1,400 failing schools, for example, have been turned around and a 11in and sort it out, and if it isfailing theschool will be under special measures and the local 12failure, that is what they bring. A lot of these schools in the most appalling and difficult conditi 13failureto invest in the basic infrastructure of schools, let alone school sport, led to a slow decli

32. The fact that terrorism is a high-frequency word in Blair’s speeches but is unusually frequent in Bush is seen as a “symbolic guide to culture” (Sapir 1949), in thataword canbe key in a text or in a given culture at a given time in history, but not in language in general (cf. Stubbs 2001).

35. aboutgrams (Sinclair 2007)

36. Phraseology is not fixed and, in political discourse in particular, as has been observed by others (Cheng 2004), some phrases have a relatively short shelf life compared to others. (Greaves & Warren 2007)

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