Microwave Remote Sensing

1. Microwave Remote Sensing Chris Allen (callen@eecs.ku.edu) Course website URL people.eecs.ku.edu/~callen/823/EECS823.htm

2. Outline • Syllabus • Instructor information, course description, prerequisites • Textbook, reference books, grading, course outline • Preliminary schedule • Introductions • What to expect • First assignment • Microwave remote sensing background • Microwave remote sensing compared to optical remote sensing • Overview of radar • Microwave scattering properties • Radiometry principles and example

3. Syllabus • Prof. Chris Allen • Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from KU 1984 • 10 years industry experience Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM AlliedSignal, Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, MO • Phone: 785-864-8801 • Email: callen@eecs.ku.edu • Office: 3024 Eaton Hall • Office hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays 10:00 to 10:45 am • Course description • Description and analysis of basic microwave remote sensing systems including radars and radiometers as well as the scattering and emission properties of natural targets. Topics covered include plane wave propagation, antennas, radiometers, atmospheric effects, radars, calibrated systems, and remote sensing applications.

4. Syllabus • Prerequisites • Introductory course on electromagnetics (e.g., EECS 420 or 720) • Introductory course on RF transmission systems (e.g., EECS 622) • Textbook • Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing • by F.T. Ulaby, D.G. Long • University of Michigan Press, 2013,ISBN 04721193541116 pages • This is a new textbook that containswhat was previously availablein the Volume I of the Microwave Remote Sensing series.

5. Syllabus • Reference books • Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume I: Microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry • by F. Ulaby, R. Moore, A. Fung • Artech House, 1981, ISBN 0890061904 • Unfortunately this textbook is out of print and is only available in the used book market. • Unfortunately this textbook is out of print and is only available in the used book market. • Nice-quality, affordable copies were available through the KU bookstore but no longer.

6. Syllabus • Reference books • Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. II by F. Ulaby, R. Moore, A. Fung Artech House, 1986, ISBN 0890061920 • Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. IIIby F. Ulaby, R. Moore, A. Fung Artech House, 1986, ISBN 0890061920

7. Grades and course policies • The following factors will be used to arrive at the final course grade: • Homework, quizzes, and class participation 40 % Research project 20 % Final exam 40 % Grades will be assigned to the following scale: A 90 - 100 % B 80 - 89 % C 70 - 79 % D 60 - 69 % F < 60 % These are guaranteed maximum scales and may be revised downward at the instructor's discretion. Read the policies regarding homework, exams, ethics, and plagiarism.

8. Preliminary schedule • Course Outline (subject to change) • Introductory material 1 week(overview, expectations, review of complex math) • Plane wave propagation, reflection, refraction, and attenuation 1 week(conductive media, layered media, Riccati equation) • Antenna systems in microwave remote sensing 2 weeks(antenna concepts, arrays) • Passive microwave remote sensing and radiometry 2 weeks(brightness temperature and emissivity) • Microwave interaction with the atmosphere 2 weeks(physical properties, precipitation effects) • Radiometer systems 1 week(system noise, Dicke radiometer) • Radar systems 2 weeks(range equation, Doppler effects, fading) • Calibrated systems and scattering measurements 1 week • (internal/external calibration, measurement precision) • Scattering and emission from natural targets 2 weeks • (surface scatter, volume scatter, the sea, ice, snow, vegetation) • Microwave remote sensing applications (guest lecturers) 1 week • (sea ice, oceans, vegetation, etc.)

9. Preliminary schedule • Fall 2014 Class Meeting Schedule • August: 26, 28 • September: 2, 4, 9, 11, 16, 18, 23, 25, 30 • October: 2, 7, 9, (14th is Fall Break), 16, 21, 23, 28, 30 • November: 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, (27th is Thanksgiving) • December: 2, 4, 9, 11 • Final exam scheduled forMonday, December 1510:30 to 1:00 p.m.

10. Introductions • Name • Major • Specialty • What you hope to get from of this experience • (Not asking what grade you are aiming for )

11. What to expect • Course is being webcast, therefore … • Most presentation material will be in PowerPoint format  • Presentations will be recorded and archived (for duration of semester) • Student interaction is encouraged • Remote students must activate microphone before speaking • Please disable microphone when finished • Homework assignments will be posted on website • Electronic homework submission logistics to be worked out • We may have guest lecturers later in the semester • To break the monotony, we’ll try to take a couple of 2-minute breaks during each session (roughly every 15 to 20 min)

12. Course coverage areas

13. Course coverage areas • Course will focus on • electromagnetic propagation & scattering • antennas • atmospheric effects • radiometry and radiometers

14. Your first assignment • Send me an email (from the account you check most often) • To: callen@eecs.ku.edu • Subject line: Your name – 823 • Tell me a little about yourself • Attach your ARTS form (or equivalent) • ARTS: Academic Requirements Tracking System • Its basically an unofficial academic record • I use this to get a sense of what academic experiences you’ve had

15. Microwave remote sensing background • Optical remote sensing has been around a long time • Uses the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum • Instrumentation includes the human eye, cameras, telescopes • Has problems with clouds, rain, fog, snow, smoke, smog, etc. • Cannot penetrate soil, vegetation, snowpack, ice • Relies on ambient light sources (e.g., sunlight) • Microwave remote sensing is less than 100 years old • Uses the microwave and RF parts of the spectrum • Instrumentation includes radars and radiometers • Is largely immune to clouds, precipitation, smoke, etc. • Penetrates sand, soil, rock, vegetation, dry snow, ice, etc. • Does not rely on sunlight – radar provides its own illumination, radiometers use the target’s thermal emission • Data from microwave sensors complement data from optical sensors

16. Microwave remote sensing background • Whereas shorter wavelengths (e.g., optical and infrared) provide information on the upper layers of vegetation, the longer wavelengths of microwave and RF signals penetrate deeper into the canopy and substructure providing additional information. • Visible wavelengths 400 to 700 nm • Infrared wavelengths 700 nm to 1 mm • Microwave wavelengths 1 mm to 30 cm • Radio wavelengths > 30 cm

17. Microwave remote sensing background • A brief overview of radar • Radar – radio detection and ranging • Developed in the early 1900s (pre-World War II) • 1904 Europeans demonstrated use for detecting ships in fog • 1922 U.S. Navy Research Laboratory (NRL) detected wooden ship on Potomac River • 1930 NRL engineers detected an aircraft with simple radar system • World War II accelerated radar’s development • Radar had a significant impact militarily • Called “The Invention That Changed The World” in two books by Robert Buderi • Radar’s has deep military roots • It continues to be important militarily • Growing number of civil applications • Objects often called ‘targets’ even civil applications

18. Microwave remote sensing background • A brief overview of radar • Uses electromagnetic (EM) waves • Frequencies in the MHz, GHz, THzShares spectrum with FM, TV, GPS, cell phones, wireless technologies, satellite communications • Governed by Maxwell’s equations • Signals propagate at the speed of light • Antennas or optics used to launch/receive waves • Related technologies use acoustic waves • Ultrasound, seismics, sonarMicrophones, accelerometers, hydrophones used as transducers

19. Microwave remote sensing background • A brief overview of radar • Active sensor • Provides its own illuminationOperates in day and nightLargely immune to smoke, haze, fog, rain, snow, … • Involves both a transmitter and a receiver • Related technologies are purely passive • Radio astronomy, radiometers • Configurations • Monostatictransmitter and receiver co-located • Bistatictransmitter and receiver separated • Multistaticmultiple transmitters and/or receivers • Passiveexploits non-cooperative illuminator Radar image of Venus

20. Microwave remote sensing background • A brief overview of radar • Various classes of operation • Pulsed vs. continuous wave (CW) • Coherent vs. incoherent • Measurement capabilities • Detection, Ranging • Position (range and direction), Radial velocity (Doppler) • Target characteristics (radar cross section – RCS) • Mapping, Change detection

21. Microwave remote sensing background • Microwave scattering properties reveal target characteristics • Backscattering from precipitation depends strongly on particle diameter enabling a mapping of precipitation rates using radar data.

22. Microwave remote sensing background • Radiometry principles • Materials above 0 K emit electromagnetic radiation that follows a well-defined pattern. This radiation can be measured at a variety of frequencies and polarizations. Analysis of the measured emission characteristics reveal properties about the scene.

23. Microwave remote sensing background • Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument was launched aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua Satellite on 4 May 2002. The AMSR-E is a twelve-channel, six-frequency, conically-scanning, passive-microwave radiometer system. It measures horizontally and vertically polarized microwave radiation (brightness temperatures) ranging from 6.9 GHz to 89.0 GHz. Spatial resolution of the individual measurements varies from 5.4 km at 89 GHz to 56 km at 6.9 GHz.