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Cancer

Cancer. Who gets cancer? . One million each year ____ men 1/3 women Any age However, 77% dx ages 55 + Incidence rate varies. What Causes Cancer?. Primary Contributors: Behavior & Lifestyle Smoking Diet ____________ Exposure to ultraviolet light Sexual Behavior

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Cancer

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  1. Cancer

  2. Who gets cancer? • One million each year • ____ men • 1/3 women • Any age • However, 77% dx ages 55 + • Incidence rate varies

  3. What Causes Cancer? • Primary Contributors: • Behavior & Lifestyle • Smoking • Diet • ____________ • Exposure to ultraviolet light • Sexual Behavior • Other Contributors: • Genetics • Environment

  4. What is Cancer? • Out-of-control growth of abnormal cells • Damaged _______ • Can be inherited • Can be environment

  5. Forms as a tumor (usually) • Not all tumors are cancerous • e.g., ___________ (non-cancerous) tumors • 2nd leading cause of death in U.S.

  6. Common Cancer Types ________________ Bladder Breast Colon & Rectal Endometrial Kidney (Renal Cell) Leukemia Lung Melanoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pancreatic Prostate Thyroid

  7. What can you do? • The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced by changes in a person’s ____________. • Today, millions are either living with or have been cured of the disease. • The sooner cancer is found and treatment begins, the better the chances of being cured.

  8. Melanoma • Joshua Keller

  9. Skin Cancer • One of the more common cancers • Three basic types: Squamous cell, Basal cell, and Melanoma • Melanoma – Begins in ____________, which are cells that are responsible for our pigment which is called melanin. (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  10. Melanoma • Most ____________ cancer of the skin • Melanocytes • Lower Epidermis • Melanin Production

  11. 5 Stages • Stages 1-2 are still dealing with epidermis • By stage 3 the cancer has metastasized to the ________ _________ • By stage 4 cancer has spread to multiple organs • By stage 5 the body is overwhelmed with the cancer

  12. What to Look for • Learn what to look for. • __________ (Nevi) are normal (on average between 10 and 40) • Potential melanoma ( Know Your ABCD’s)

  13. ABCD’s Asymmetrical Border Irregularity __________ varied Diameter larger (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  14. Facts • Can occur on any skin surface • Also occurs in other ____________ • More likely in __________-skinned Caucasians • Increased risk as you age • One of the most common cancers among young people http://www.cancerventer.com

  15. More facts • Epidemic growth at 3% every year • Melanoma 5% of all skin cancers • Currently more new cases each year than ____________ • Why such an increase? • Sun exposure • More sun exposure (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  16. Increasing Risk • Severe Sunburns • Tanning Misconceptions • Fair skin • www.cancer.gov/newscenter/individualmelanoma

  17. Important!!!!!! • Remember ____________ • Limit sun exposure • Consistently check your body

  18. Breast Cancer Jenni Sanders

  19. Risk Factors • Age: very uncommon ___________________ • Family history: higher if her mother, sister, or daughter had it before 40 • Obesity: higher levels of estrogen in these women National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  20. Risk Factors Cont. National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S. • Physical inactivity: ↓ activity ↑ risk • ________ beverages: ↑ __________ intake ↑ risk • Others: personal history, reproductive and menstrual history, race, radiation exposure, taking DES

  21. Diagnostics • Mammogram, MRI, PET, Ultrasonography, Biopsy • MRI is the new leader in detection for women with hereditary risk (Robson and Offit, 2004) • Self-Exam • Monthly • Does not replace regular screening http://www.mri.jhu.edu/~dbluemke/Breast_MRI_pic.html National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  22. Diagnostics Cont. • Clinical Breast Exam • Symptoms • Lump or thickening in breast or underarm areas • _______________ • Change in appearance • Fluid National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  23. Stage 0: Lobular Ductal Stage 1: Tumor is no more than 2cm, cells contained in breast only Stage 2: No more than 2cm, ___________ has occurred, or Tumor size 2-5cm, may have spread, or Tumor is larger than 5cm, no spreading Stages National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  24. Stage 3: May be large but no spreading, called “____________ cancer” IIIa: spreading to underarm lymph nodes IIIb: tumor has grown into chest wall or skin of the breast IIIc: more lymph node spreading other than underarm nodes Stage 4: ____________ cancer Other parts of body affected Stages Cont. National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  25. Treatments • ____________ therapy: surgery and radiation • Surgery is the most common • Includes lumpectomy or mastectomy options • Radiation usually after surgery National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  26. Treatments Cont. • ____________ therapy: chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy • Chemotherapy: drugs injected or a pill • Hormonal therapy: • Use of a drug to block estradiol • Surgery to remove ovaries • Biological therapy • Herceptin: a monoclonal antibody National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  27. Statistics • “A woman’s chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is: • from age 30 through age 39 . . . . . . 0.44 percent (often expressed as “1 in 229”) • from age 40 through age 49 . . . . . . 1.46 percent (often expressed as “1 in 68”) • from age 50 through age 59 . . . . . . 2.73 percent (often expressed as “1 in 37”) • from age 60 through age 69 . . . . . . 3.82 percent (often expressed as “1 in 26”) .” American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc.

  28. Statistics Cont.

  29. Statistics Cont. • Overall Survival Rate  • After 5 years- 88% • After 10 years- 80% •   After 15 years- 71% •   After 20 years- ____%  American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc.

  30. Cancer Prevention Elizabeth Hill

  31. General Prevention • _______________________: DFN- the use of natural or synthetic substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopicss/factsheet/Prevention/chemoprevention)

  32. General Prevention cont. • ____________ and Cancer Prevention:compounds slow or prevent the growth of tumor cells • Red Wine & Cancer Prevention: Polyphenols National Cancer Institue (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet

  33. Breast Cancer Prevention • Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) DFN- drugs that have some anti-estrogen properties and some estrogen-like properties

  34. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. • Tamoxifen -Breast Cancer Prevention trial

  35. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. • Preventive mastectomy DFN- surgery to remove one or both ____________ in effort to prevent or reduce the risk of breast cancer

  36. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. Procedures Involved • Total mastectomy • _____________________ mastectomy -Reduce risk by about 90% Information on the past four slides was obtained from: National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/breast/Patient/page2)

  37. Skin Cancer Prevention • Limit direct sun exposure between ___ am to 4pm • Cover up • Use sunscreen w/ SPF of 15 or higher

  38. Skin Cancer Prevention Cont. • Wear sunglasses that block UV rays • Avoid tanning __________________________ Information on the past two slides was retrieved from: (http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/ped_7_1_Skin_Cancer_Detection_What _You_Can_Do.asp?sitearea=PED

  39. Tips for Daily Cancer Prevention 1.Stop Smoking! 2. Eat a healthy diet 3. Use alcohol in moderation

  40. Tips for Daily Cancer Prevention 4. Avoid exposure to UV rays 5. Exercise ____________ • Recognizing occupational & environmental hazards Information on the past two slides was retrieved from: Journal of the American Medical Association (Ovid: Torpy:JAMA, Volume291(20).May 26, 2004.2510

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