Revolution

2. 8.11 B Describe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of physical environment of the United States • 8.27A Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin and interchangeable parts • 8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United States

3. Revolution • an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed • a sudden, complete or marked change in something

4. The Industrial Revolution

5. What was it? • the change from an agricultural society to industrial because new factories in the northeast states

6. When did it happen? • the Industrial Revolution began in the United States around 1800 in the New England states

7. Why did it begin the Northeast? • New England had poor soil for farming • Northeast has many rivers = waterpower for factories • NE had port cities for shipping to other states and across the Atlantic • Subsistence farmers were willing to move to the cities

8. The Industrial Revolution occurred because of… • FREE ENTERPRISE– people are free to buy, sell, own, and produce products as well as work wherever theychoose • Which founding father supported an economy based on free enterprise? • The government had few regulations to control the economy

9. Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution started in the late 1760 in Britain and spread to the United States as an effect of the War of 1812.

11. The Industrial Revolution required the invention of new machines and technology– which isscientific discoveries that simplify work. • Congress created patents to protect inventors’ new inventions from being copied.

12. It began in the textile industry, but soon transferred to other industries. • Work shifted from homes to factories, where workers could be supervised and where water and steam power could be used to run machines

13. Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution occurred as a combination of the following events: Use of steam power Rise of the factory system Mass production of goods Industrial Revolution

14. The Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton. Farm production increased dramatically.

15. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 • Cotton became more profitable = an increase in the need for slave labor • Removed seeds from cotton

16. Factories • Factory System – a system bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof or in one place. Most employees were women and children working LONG hours.

17. Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts. Employed mostly young girls to work in difficult conditions for long hours and low wages. • These conditions had an impact on the child labor laws the U.S. has today.

18. Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850

19. Lowell Mill

20. Lowell Girls • Francis Lowell opened the factory • What was their typical “profile”? – young girls, bad conditions, long hours

21. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

22. New Development – Interchangeable Parts • Interchangeable parts – identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product

23. Importance of Interchangeable parts Allowed for mass production of a variety of goods so… prices were reduced

24. Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts Could build 10 different rifles from these pieces

25. textile industries -factories that produced clothing and cloth items from cotton; located in North

26. Early Textile Loom

27. New EnglandTextile Centers:1830s

28. The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery • The demand for southern cotton grew dramatically because of the cotton gin and the increased number of textile mills in the north that needed cotton more northern textile mills = more southern slaves!

29. Brief Summary of the Plantation System • Large plantations were comprised of several thousand acres. Plantation owners had slaves to do all the work. Some worked in the house, some were trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe makers, or weavers, and others worked with animals in pastures. However, most worked long hours in the fields.

30. The Cotton Gin Continued… • The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton faster and less expensively than by hand. This encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops which required more slaves. Therefore. . .

31. cotton gin = higher demand for cotton = more textile mills in north = more slaves in south to work plantations Which leads to…

32. Stop • Students will complete “ The Impact of Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin”

33. Regional Specialization • North – industrialization • South – agriculture (cotton and slavery)

34. Farming During the Industrial Revolution • New England farms were small, usually subsistence farms • Western farmers raised pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat. • Southern farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, rice, and tobacco

35. Urbanization Prompted by Industrial Revolution • Growth of factories and trade caused the growth of towns and cities • Locations of factories depended on the geography of the area Urban = Cities Rural = Country

36. Five Common Problems of Early Cities • Streets and sidewalks unpaved & animals roaming freely

37. 2. Pollution from factories

38. 3. No sewers

39. 4. Diseases easily spread due to poor sanitation

40. 5. Fires spread easily due to close quarters and few fire companies

43. The Census and Population • Census – officially counts the population of the U.S. every 10 years • The first census occurred in 1790 and the population of the United States was nearly 4 million

44. The 1790 Census

45. First Census • Most of the population lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast • By 1820, the population reached 10 million with 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains

46. U.S. Population Centers in 1820

47. U.S. Population Centers in 1860

48. Thought Spot • Look at the population maps from 1820 and 1860. • What were the U.S. largest cities in 1820? • What were the U.S. largest cities in 1860?

49. Transportation • Because the nation needed good inland roads for travel and for the shipment of goods, private companies built turnpikes or toll roads • Fees paid to use these roads were used for construction and upkeep of the roads “Pay to use the road!”

50. The National Road was approved by Congress in 1806 that connected the east with the west. The first section opened in 1818, connecting Maryland to western Virginia. Years later, it ended in Illinois. The National Road made the migration of people easier.