TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN POVERTY:

1. TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN POVERTY: USING ICTS FOR A TRANSFORMATIVE RESEARCH, POLICY AND GOVERNANCE AGENDA Dr. Roma Bhattacharjea Policy Advisor UNDP Bureau of Development Policy South and West Asia Kathmandu, Nepal Roma.bhattacharjea@undp.org 20th March 2003

2. TRAFFICKING: CURRENTLY HIGH ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA • Pioneering conferences in the nineties • Different gender networks-national, regional and global • Gender experts, the UN system, civil society actors, multilaterals, bilaterals, scholarship and research • Placed trafficking high on the international agenda

3. UN PROTOCOL TO PREVENT, SUPPRESS AND PUNISH TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN (2000) • First internationally agreed definition of trafficking • “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or receiving of payments or benefits …”

4. UN PROTOCOL TO PREVENT, SUPPRESS AND PUNISH TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN (2000) • “…Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery … • The consent of the victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation…shall be irrelevant where any of the…[fore-mentioned]means…have been used … • "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age (Art.3)…”

5. TRAFFICKING IS A COMPLEX PHENOMENON • Transnational • Affects mainly women and children though not exclusively • Global UN estimates suggest it affects 70000 to 4 million persons per annum • Profits from illegal syndicates gross to 7 billion USD

6. TRAFFICKING-MULTI-FACETED WITH DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS: Gender inequality, gender-based violence, human rights violation, violation of international law, international criminal codes, human poverty issues, social exclusion, ethno-linguistics, information poverty, lack of adequate research, policies and appropriate institutional structures etc:

7. THIS PRESENTATION: TWO SECTIONS • First, conceptualising trafficking in the context of human poverty and other developmental challenges in South Asia • Second, exploring the particular potential of ICTs to combat these challenges

8. EMERGING LITERATURE ON TRAFFICKING BROADER CONTEXTS: “Trafficking of women and children must be seen in a broader context of labour migration, movement of people from conflict zones, refugees and Internally Displaced People" - Noeleen Heyzer, Executive Director, UNIFEM

9. GENDER ANALYSES OF TRANSITION ECONOMIES OF EASTERN EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION • how structural changes during transition • combined with the absence of a social safety net impacted negatively on women's employment • leading to a large numbers of dislocated poor, unskilled female labour forming • a potential supply source for trafficking.

10. GENDER ANALYSES OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN ASIA • ILO-led studies of the impact of globalisation on the sex sector in Thailand and other countries • More conventional studies of the impact of globalisation in South Asia • Feminisation of poverty and unemployment • Shows negative trends for female labour • Bangladesh-rising labour force participation but wages below minimum standards • Numbers of women working poor go up etc.

11. TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN POVERTY: • South Asia more research needed - understanding the interrelationships between trafficking and human poverty • The 1997 Human Development Report offered us a broader understanding of poverty from just income poverty: • " Poverty can mean more than a lack of what is necessary for material well-being. It can also mean the denial of opportunities and choices most basic to human development -to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self- esteem and the respect of others…Poverty must be addressed in all its dimensions, not income alone."

12. TRAFFICKING - MULTIPLE CONTEXTS OF HUMAN POVERTY IN SOUTH ASIA: • Combination of: • The greatest numbers of poor in the world • A set of socio-economic inequalities mediated by gender inequality • Emerging insecurities in the context of globalisation

13. INSECURITIES ATTENDANT ON GLOBALISATION • Unemployment • Growing feminisation of labour in the informal sector • Lack of a social security net • Forced migration (Asian women make up the fastest-growing category of the world's burgeoning 35 million plus population of migrant workers and in Sri Lanka alone of the estimated 858000 migrants, 590420 are women migrant workers of whom 78 per cent are in the unskilled category)

14. INSECURITIES ATTENDANT ON GLOBALISATION • Contd. • Armed conflict (women refugees and IDPs), presence of military troops • High incidence of HIV/AIDS-in terms of absolute numbers, 4.2.million, the region has the largest incidence of HIV/AIDs in the world. • Porous borders • Patriarchical societies

15. ICTS, A POWERFUL TOOL TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN • Through a transformative agenda: • research • policy • governance

16. ICTS-MAJOR ADVANTAGES IN COMBATING TRAFFICKING • Trafficking is multi-faceted • ICTs are ideally suited in promoting multi-sectoral linkages by connecting different stakeholders virtually • Trafficking is transnational, • ICTs are uniquely placed to cut across physical distances

17. ICTS AND E-GOVERNANCE: • Very important dimension of human poverty-lack of "voice"- • The trafficked are often invisible and lack a "voice" institutionally • ICTs-powerful role in enabling the poor, the socially excluded, the trafficked • “A voice" -in research, in policy and in governance

18. FORMING E- COMMUNITY/COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE • Connecting wide cross-section of stakeholders virtually • Researchers, statisticians, activists, academics, civil society organisations, government officials, policy and decision-makers, legal experts, macroeconomists, poverty experts, officials working with cross-border issues, media experts for shared learning

19. INFORMATION, DATA, RESEARCH AND PUBLIC AWARENESS • ICTs can help with information-poverty for different stakeholders: • First potential victims of trafficking, families of those trafficked, • Activists, researchers, decision-makers, policy-makers, regional networks and institutions • Including means for those trafficked to share their information and experiences

20. USING MEDIA AND ICTS TO CREATE INFORMED PUBLIC AWARENESS • Education and public awareness of all constituents of society-using a variety of technologies depending on where and what constituency is being targeted • e.g. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)- sponsored project, under Shakti Gender Equity Project, supports Centre for Women’s Research (CENWOR) in Sri Lanka • hot-line telephone service, weekly awareness-raising radio-programmes and island-wide poster campaign to raise awareness about difficulties faced by workers abroad

21. POTENTIAL BEST PRACTICES: • The Information Data Bank of the SLBFE (Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment)-the SLBFE provides skills training, assistance with contracts and labour rights, foreign language skills, some form of insurance etc • Worldview Sri Lanka (WSL) with UNICEF Sri Lanka workshops on raising awareness about sexual harrasment at the workplace and skills for decision- making training of women migrant workers

22. ICTS: CONNECTING DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS • Connecting data collection, analysis and research on trafficking with • Organizations formulating public information and awareness campaigns • Share learning • Provide targeted information to potential victims of trafficking who are information-poor • To educate society at large about these issues • Allowing those who have been trafficked to contribute to the knowledge base and their ideas for solutions

23. BEST PRACTICE: UNIAP- TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MEKONG SUB- REGION • Regional inter-UN agency collaboration, involving UNDP and others along with other multilateral, bilateral and non-governmental organizations with six participating countries include Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

24. BEST PRACTICE: UNIAP- TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MEKONG SUB- REGION • Represents a platform for five principle activities: • Building a knowledge base: • Information dissemination • Creating linkages and mainstreaming trafficking • issues • Value added interventions • Strategic analysis, priority setting and policy • advocacy

25. CONNECTING DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS, KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITIES AND THOSE PARTICIPATING IN ROUNDTABLES TO FEED INTO E-GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES • Creating an enabling environment for policy change: • Best practice in Georgia: WOMEN AID INTERNATIONAL CAUCUS • Round Table Dialogues-multi-stakeholder dialogues • Media Advocacy Platforms-promoting public awareness and stimulating debates

26. POLICY RESEARCH BEST PRACTICE: • Using media and ICTs to connect different stakeholders to facilitate informed policy advocacy networks • Allowing a combination of research-based policy advocacy and informed public media campaign to create an enabling environment for legislative reform and the formulation of appropriate policies

27. POLICY RESEARCH BEST PRACTICE: • Centre for Women's Research (CENWOR) Sri Lanka and the Marga Institute-social costs of migration and to the family left behind-the Regional Policy Dialogue on International Migration and Employment and National Policies -cooperation between NGOs and governments • Connecting research between human poverty, labour and unemployment, forced migration, international law, human rights, education, gender, public health, law dimensions of trafficking • Presidential Task Force on Policy Formation for Migrant Workers in Sri Lanka

28. E-GOVERNANCE POTENTIAL: • Recent initiatives including UN inter-agency efforts to take up the issue of trafficking at the highest policy levels in the following regional policy fora: • The Asia Regional Initiative on Trafficking (ARIAT), • Asia-Europe (ASEM) process • SAARC Convention on Trafficking of Women and Children, • ASEAN

29. CONCLUSIONS: • Trafficking-complex set of development challenges • E-solutions – Potential not fully tapped • Currently ICTs being used more for e-government or women and e-commerce • More can be done to move ICTs from e-government to e-governance where those trafficked and their issues can have a “voice: • Through e-communities of practice • In research, policy and governance