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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. 8 th Grade. Jot Thought. State Capitals. Section 1. The Earliest Americans. First Migration to Americas. Occurred during the last Ice Age Glaciers formed and Ocean level dropped Beringia Land Bridge formed Between NE Asia and Alaska. Terms. Archaeology Artifacts

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 8th Grade

  2. Jot Thought • State Capitals

  3. Section 1 The Earliest Americans

  4. First Migration to Americas • Occurred during the last Ice Age • Glaciers formed and Ocean level dropped • Beringia Land Bridge formed • Between NE Asia and Alaska

  5. Terms • Archaeology • Artifacts • Paleo-Indians • Migration • Between 50,000-10,000 B.C. • Crossed in search of game • Alaska to Canada, to U.S. to S. Amer.

  6. North America • Canada and Alaska-cold treeless and glaciers • U.S. and Mexico-forest, tall grasses, lakes, and swamps. • Animals-mammoths, saber-toothed tiger, bison, and giant wolves. • Tools, knives, and spears • Clovis

  7. New Climate • Climate change, temperatures up and glaciers melted. • Short grasses took over areas, forest, and deserts. • Mammoths died out or hunted to extinction. • Buffalo, caribou, antelope, and deer thrived.

  8. Paleo-Indians Adapted • Hunted smaller animals • Berries, nuts, roots, and seeds • Hooks, lines, nets, snares, and traps

  9. Mesoamerica • Middle America- Mexico and Central America • Earliest agricultural societies • Domestication- plants and animals • Corn, beans, pepper, pumpkins, and gourds. • Ideas spread lead to sunflowers, sweet potatoes, squash • Societies and cultures formed

  10. Olmec • One of the earliest civilizations • Mother Culture- influenced others • Mexican Gulf • Number and calendar systems • Writing system used Glyphs • Moved south helped start Maya

  11. Maya • Built more than 100 ceremonials throughout Mesoamerica • 7 different types of calendars • Mathematical and astronomical systems

  12. Toltec • Mixcoatl or Cloud Serpent-leader • Fires and droughts lead to decline • Lead to poor harvest, starvation, and famine

  13. Aztecs • Tenochtitlan-Mexico City • Middle of huge lake • Bridges connecting mainland • 300,000 people • Conquered surrounding area • Traded gold, silver, jade, corn, and cocoa

  14. Inca • S. America • Conquered from Columbia to central Chile • 64,000-mile network of roads • Capital Cuzco, high in the Andes • Potatoes, tomatoes, squash, and maize

  15. SW US Civilizations • Mogollon and Hohokam, present day Arizona • Dry weather- built irrigation systems and pit houses, 3-4 feet deep in the ground • Anasazi- 4 corner region • Built pueblos- stone and adobe • Many had multiple stories, used ladders • Later built into cliffs for defense

  16. Pueblos

  17. Mound Builders • Adena- Ohio River Valley • Religion focused on death and afterlife • Huge burial mounds • Hopewell- Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River Valleys • 30 to 40 feet for burial mounds

  18. Mississippian Culture • Similar to Adena and Hopewell- honoring dead • Along Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys • Monks Mound in Illinois • 18 Acres, 100 feet tall, could hold 30,000

  19. All Write Round Table • Describe the regions of the United States • California • Nevada • Colorado • Missouri • Michigan • Florida • New York

  20. Section 2 • Regions of North America

  21. A. The Far North • A.1 The Arctic • Alaska and Canada • Fished and Hunted Large Animals • Dogs pulled sleds and tracked game • Kayaks • Houses made out of wood, earth, stone, or ice • Igloos

  22. A.2 Subarctic • Below Arctic • Nomads- followed migrations • Moose, deer, buffalo, caribou, beaver, rabbits, and birds • Formed bands to fish and gather

  23. B. The Pacific Coast • B.1 NW Coast • Southern Alaska to Northern Cal. • Thick Evergreen forest, Wet and Mild Climate • Fished, hunted, gathered, and traded • Salmon- most important resource • Hunted Sea Otter and Whale from large dugout canoes- 70 feet long, 50 rowers, 3 tons of goods

  24. Continued • Totems • Potlatches

  25. B.2 California • Wet dense forest to dry desert to river filled valley • Many food sources w/o farming • Acorns-primary food plant in CA • Made flour out of • Fished and hunted

  26. C. West and SWest • C.1 The Plateau • No farming • Lived by the Columbia and Fraser Rivers • Fished, hunted, and gathered

  27. C.2 The Great Basin • Mainly desert • Ate mice, lizards, snakes, grasshoppers, crickets, and ants • Gathered seeds, dug roots, and trapped birds, ducks, and rabbits, rabbits fur valued • Moved in search of food

  28. C.3 The SWest • Deserts and Forest • Farmed maize, beans, squash, and tobacco • Navajo and Apache raided villages, hunted and gathered. • Religious activates focused on rain and maize • Held in Kivas

  29. D. The Great Plains • Between Rocky Mts. and Mississippi River • Grasslands • Buffalo, deer, elk, and antelope • Maize, squash, pumpkins, and beans • Matrilineal- traced ancestors through mother and joined woman's family with marriage • Depended on Buffalo for food, shelter, and clothing

  30. E. The East • E.1 SEast • Descents of Mississippian mound builders • Hunted, gathered, fished, and traded • Matrilineal

  31. E.2 NEast • Farmed, hunted, gathered, and fished • Wigwams • Women controlled economics • From raising children to planting and harvesting • Men hunted and traded • Longhouses- page 16 • Iroquois League

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