Flight Management

1. Day 11 Flight Management

2. Motivating People Learning Outcomes • Define motivation • Understand early theories of motivation • Understand contemporary theories of motivation • Current issues

3. What is motivation? A process by which a person’s effort are energised, directed and sustained toward attaining a goal. Key elements (1) Energy (2) Motivation (3) Persistence

4. Early theories • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y • Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory • McClelland’s three needs Theory

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Five needs • Physiological needs – food, drink , shelter • Safety needs – security and protection from harm • Social needs – Affection, belongingness, acceptance, friendship • Esteem needs – status, recognition, attention • Self-actualisation needs – growth, self-fulfillment.

6. McGregors’ Theory X and Theory Y Proposing two assumptions about human nature. Theory X – a negative view of people which assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, want to avoid responsibility and need to be closely controlled to work effectively.

7. Theory Y – assumes a positive view of workers in which they enjoy work, seek out and accept responsibility and exercise self-direction.

8. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

9. Traditional view of satisfaction • Satisfaction vs dissatisfaction • Herzberg’s View • Satisfaction vs Not Satisfaction • Dissatisfaction vs Not dissatisfaction

10. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory Three acquired needs • Needs for achievement • Needs for power • Needs for affiliation

11. Contemporary Theory • Goal Setting Theory • Setting specific goals will increase performance • Harder goals give higher performance than easier ones. • Goal-Performance relationship is influenced by – feedback, goal commitment, adequate self-efficacy and national culture

12. Reinforcement Theory • Behaviour is a function of consequences. • Reinforcers – a tool to ensure the behaviour is repeated again.

13. Job Design Theory • Job enlargement • Job Enrichment • Job Characteristic model • Skill variety • Task identity • Task significance • Autonomy • Feedback Action Combine tasks Form natural work units Establish client relationship Load vertically Open feedback channels

14. Equity Theory • Concept of fairness (a relative term) • Reward to Job/Effort ratio

15. Expectancy Theory • Suggested by Victor Vrooms • An individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. Ind. Effort  Ind Performance  Org Rewards  Ind Goals

16. Finally Integrating all these theories to motivate an employee to work effectively and efficiently.

17. Current Issues • Cross-cultural challenges • Motivating unique groups of workers • Designing appropriate rewards programs

18. Theory to practice • Recognise individual differences • Match people to jobs • Use goals • Ensure goals are attainable • Individual rewards • Link rewards to performance • Check system for equity • Show care and concern • Don’t ignore monetary rewards.