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Recent Results from BRAHMS at RHIC

Recent Results from BRAHMS at RHIC. J.H. Lee Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory For the BRAHMS Collaboration Current and Future Directions at RHIC Aug. 7 2002. Overview. Introduction Physics Spectrometers and Global Detectors Summary for BRAHMS/RHIC Run2 Data

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Recent Results from BRAHMS at RHIC

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  1. Recent Results from BRAHMS at RHIC J.H. Lee Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory For the BRAHMS Collaboration Current and Future Directions at RHIC Aug. 7 2002

  2. Overview • Introduction • Physics • Spectrometers and Global Detectors • Summary for BRAHMS/RHIC Run2 • Data • Charged particle Multiplicity (dN/dh) • Acceptance and PID • Particle Ratios • Particle Spectra and Yields • Net-proton As functions of rapidity • Plan for Run3 and beyond • Summary J.H. Lee (BNL)

  3. Probing Hot and Dense Nuclear Matter By studying: • Particle Production : dN/dh, yield • Reaction Mechanisms and Dynamics : spectra (yield,shape), ratio • Baryon Stopping : net-proton • Hard Process : “high” pt,small-x • Source Geometry/Dynamics : HBT, coalescence Through High Precision Measurements of Identified Hadrons over wide range of • Rapidity: 0 < y < 4 (Central and Fragmentation regions) • Transverse momentum: 0.2 < pt < 4 GeV/c (with the current setup) The BRAHMS Physics Goal J.H. Lee (BNL)

  4. BRAHMSBroad RAnge Hadron Magnetic Spectrometers • 2 Movable Spectrometers: (Mid-rapidity Spectrometer and Forward Spectrometer) for track reconstruction and Particle identification • Global Detectors: Tiles, Silicon Strips, Beam-Beam counters, Zero-degree Calorimeters for event characterization • Collaboration of ~55 Physicists from 12 institutions

  5. The BRAHMS Collaboration I.G. Bearden7, D. Beavis1, C. Besliu10, Y. Blyakhman6,J. Bondorf7, J.Brzychczyk4, B. Budick6, H. Bøggild7, C. Chasman1, C. H.Christensen7, P. Christiansen7, J.Cibor4, R.Debbe1, J. J. Gaardhøje7, K. Grotowski4, K. Hagel8, O. Hansen7, H. Heiselberg7, A. Holm7, A.K. Holme12, H. Ito11, E.Jacobsen7, Jipa10, J. I. Jordre10, F. Jundt2, C. E. Jørgensen7, T.Keutgen9, E. J. Kim5, T. Kozik3, T.M.Larsen12, J. H. Lee1, Y. K.Lee5, G. Løvhøjden2, Z. Majka3, A. Makeev8, B. McBreen1, M. Murray8, J.Natowitz8, B.S.Nielsen7, K. Olchanski1, D. Ouerdane7, R.Planeta4, F.Rami2, C.Ristea10, D.Roehrich9, B. H. Samset12, S. J. Sanders11, R.A.Sheetz1, Z.Sosin3, P. Staszel7,T.S. Tveter12, F.Videbæk1, R.Wada8 and A.Wieloch3, S.Zgura10. 1Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA2IReS and Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France3Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 4Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland 5Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA 6New York University, USA 7Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 8Texas A&M University, College Station, USA 9University of Bergen, Norway10University of Bucharest, Romania 11University of Kansas, Lawrence,USA 12 University of Oslo Norway J.H. Lee (BNL)

  6. Mid-rapidity Spectrometer(rotates 30o-95o) TPC2 (tracking) TPC1 (tracking) Time of Flight Hodoscope (identifying particles) Beam pipe RHIC Bending Magnet (measuring momentum) Rail (for moving spectrometer)

  7. Forward Spectrometer(rotates 2.5o-30o) • ~20 m long • 2 TPC’s: T1 and T2 • 3 DC’s: T3,T4,T5 • 4 Magnets: D1,D2,D3,D4 • 2 ToF Hodoscopes: H1, H2 • Cerenkov Counter: C1 • RICH

  8. Global Detectors • Beam-Beam Counters - Provide a start time and trigger - Measure multiplicity at high h (2.1 < |h| < 4.7) • Multiplicity Detectors -Tile (TMA) and Si Arrays (SiMA) - Provide charged particle multiplicity (-3 < h < 3) - Used to characterize centralities of events • Zero Degree Calorimeters - Identifying collisions

  9. Summary of BRAHMS data from RHIC2001 (Run2) running Data • Au+Au and p+p at full energy: sNN =200 GeV • All detectors were installed and working at all centralities • Higher level triggers (Vertex/Centrality/Spectrometer) implemented • ~25M physics events taken • Initial scan of “soft” physics • Selected high-pt and HBT runs Measurements • Charged particle multiplicity (dN/dh): published in PRL • Particle ratios: submitted to PRL • Identified hadron spectra and yields at selected rapidities - Net-proton - dN/dy, slope vs y for p,K,p • High-pT hadrons/p (up to pT ~ 6 GeV/c at y ~ 0, pT~4 at y~2) • Limited HBT

  10. BRAHMS Publications • “Rapidity dependence of anti-proton to proton ratios in Au+Au collisions at snn =130 GeV” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 112305 • “Charged particle densities from Au+Au Collisions at snn =130 GeV” Phys. Lett. B 523 (2001) 227 • “Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from Au+Au collisions at the maximum RHIC energy” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 202301 • “Rapidity dependence of anti-particle-to-particle ratios in Au+Au collisions at snn =200 GeV” Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. : nucl-ex/0207006 • More information in http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/brahms

  11. Event Characterization: Collision Centrality Determination • Measured by the Centrality Detector (SiMA+TMA) • Corrected for Vertex position dependence • Minimum-biased multiplicity: Data + MC (HIJING+GEANT) • BB Multiplicity is used for the centrality determination for BB analysis (consistent with SiMA+TMA selections) • Npart is calculated using HIJING SiMA TMA

  12. Multiplicity:dNch/dh at SNN=200 GeV • Centrality bins shown are for 0-5%,5-10%, 10-20%,…, 40-50%. (Statistical errors only) • Systematic errors ~ 8-10% • SiMA: -3 < h < 3 • Beam-Beam Counter: 2 < |h| < 4.7 • Consistent with measurements using reconstructed tracks in TPC at y = 0 Published in PRL 88 (2002) J.H. Lee (BNL)

  13. dNch/d- Comparison to Model Predictions SNN=200GeV ---- AMPT (HIJING + final-state re-scattering) High density QCD Gluon Saturation: Kharzeev and Levin, PLB523 (2001) 79 scaled p-pbar points <Npart>/2 Strong enhancement relative to ppbar for central collisions J.H. Lee (BNL)

  14. dNch/d :200GeV/130GeV • For most central (5%) - dN/dh at y~0: 625  55 (~14% up from 130 GeV) - Total Nch: ~ 4630  370 (~21% up) - dN/dh width (Dh) : 7.5  0.5 (~4% up) - dNch/d/(0.5<Npart>) at 0: 3.50  0.30 (~13% up) • The increase at large h: Change in width of dNch/d with an increase in beam rapidity. J.H. Lee (BNL)

  15. Limiting Fragmentation: from SPS to RHIC • Fragmentation region Translate to the beam’s reference frame  ’    ybeam Central Collisions (5%) (assuming   y) • When shifed by ybeam No Energy Dependence (130GeV  200GeV) • Consistent with the limiting fragmentation picture No Dependence on System size and Energy Excitation of the fragment baryons saturate at a moderate collision energy Limiting fragmentation holds from SPS  RHIC J.H. Lee (BNL)

  16. BRAHMS Acceptance A wide range of y and pt is covered by rotating two spectrometers with various magnetic fields. 10 degree 90o 25 GeV/c MRS FS 4o 2.3 degree J.H. Lee (BNL)

  17. MRS particle identification : TOFW • 125 slats: time of flight resolution ~ 75psec • p/K separation ~ up to 2.5 GeV/c • K/p separation ~ up to 4 GeV/c • Cherenkov counter will be installed for identifying higher pT particles (p/K separation: up to 8 GeV) J.H. Lee (BNL)

  18. H1 & C1 C1 π threshold PID in Front Forward Spectrometer : ToF + C1 pion vetoed by C1 ToFH1 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  19. PID in Back Forward Spectrometer : RICH J.H. Lee (BNL)

  20. Anti-particle/particle ratios vs rapidity at SNN=200 GeV • At y=0 (20% central) pbar/p = 0.75 ±0.04 K-/K+ = 0.95 ±0.05 p-/p+ = 1.01 ±0.04 • Highest pbar/p ratio but still incomplete transparency (~17% increase from 130 GeV) • Ratios ~identical over +-1 unit around mid-rapidity. • Weak centrality and pT dependence • No Hyperon feed down applied: less then 5% correction assuming Lambda/p ~ 0.5 and pbar/p ~ Lambda-Bar/Lambda Submitted to PRL : nucl-ex/0207006 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  21. Ratios: Data and AMPT at SNN=200 GeV K-/K+ AMPT 20% Central (all pt) Pbar/p BRAHMS 20% Central: Submitted to PRL J.H. Lee (BNL)

  22. Universal Correlation in K-/K+ vs pbar/p? • K-/K+ = exp(2ms/T)exp(-2mq/T) = exp(2ms/T)(pbar/p)1/3 • K-/K+=(pbar/p)1/4 is a fit to the data points • Good agreement with the statistical-thermal model prediction by Beccatini et al. (PRC64 2001): Based on SPS results and assuming T=170 MeV Xxxxx J.H. Lee (BNL) Submitted to PRL

  23. Spectra BRAHMS Preliminary: 200 GeV 10% Central y = 3 y = 0 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  24. BRAHMS Preliminary: 200 GeV 10% Central Inverse pT Slope vs. mass • All fits are in pT: over same range for all particles, at all rapidities • Negative  Positive • Inverse slope decreases as y increases • Flow at all covered rapidities J.H. Lee (BNL)

  25. Strangeness : ratio K/ K/p ratio increases as pT increases at y=0 and y=3 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  26. Strangeness : K/ systematics Y=3 Y=0 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  27. dN/dy for p and K symmetrizd dN/dy highest at y = 0 with little decrease up to y = 1 Faster decrease for higher y, K-faster than K+ J.H. Lee (BNL)

  28. p and pbar yields Y = 0 Y = 2.9 Y = 0 Y = 0.8 BRAHMS Preliminary SNN=200 GeV: 10% Central • pbar Yield =10.5 0.8 (Inverse pt slope =325.517.29) • proton Yield = 33.7 1.8 (Inverse pt slope = 341.8 13.8 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  29. dN/dy for p and pbar No Hyperon feed down correction Systematic errors included (10-20%) J.H. Lee (BNL)

  30. net-proton distributions • net-proton yields (dN/dy) - At Y=0: 7.1 1.7 (Stat+Sys) - At y=2.9: 23.2  4.5 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  31. Net-proton vs rapidity at selected pT d2N/dpTdy BRAHMS Preliminary extrapolated Measured + Extrapolated points J.H. Lee (BNL)

  32. dN/dy of Net-proton and Models • “Plateau” at |y| <  2 • Hyperon feed down will reduce the yields by 10-20% • Net-baryon at y =0: ~14.2 (if N(proton)/N(neutron)  1 ) • More data to be analyzed (at y~2, and y~3) • AMPT in reasonable agreement (HIJING + re-scattering!) J.H. Lee (BNL)

  33. R (proton/neutron) in Models J.H. Lee (BNL)

  34. High-pT Physics:Central/Semi-peripheral collisions at y = 0 • Charged hadron spectra scaled by the number of binary collisions. • high pT suppression in central collisions compared to semi-peripheral. Nbin: Monte-Carlo Glauber model with σNN=42 mb: STAR nucl-ex0206011 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  35. π- spectra (at y2.2) Power-law fit to the data: 1/pT d2N/dpTdη  A(1+pT/1.77[GeV/c])-10.8 J.H. Lee (BNL)

  36. y=2.2 Central/Semi-peripheral collision at y2.2 Indicates suppression of high pTpions at y2 Sets in at lower pT (compared to y=0)? J.H. Lee (BNL)

  37. HBT:Rapidity-Dependent Transverse Source Size Measurements J.H. Lee (BNL)

  38. 95° 30° 2.3° 30° 15° Hardware additions for Run3 Second TOF C4 Trigger (for track and d(p)A and pp) More Si and reconfiguration J.H. Lee (BNL)

  39. Extended PID for High pt measurements • New Cherenkov detector C4: Addition to TOFW at Mid-Rapidity Spectrometer • p/K identification up to p = 8 GeV/c (Forward Spectrometer PID up to p = 25 GeV/c) • “high-pt” pion measurement up to 5 GeV at y ~ 0 (luminosity limited) • Will be installed for Run3 (2002-3) J.H. Lee (BNL)

  40. Summary: BRAHMS Measurements of Au+Au at 200 GeV • Highest particle multiplicity in nuclear collisions (21% increase from 130 GeV) • At forward : consistent with “limiting fragmentation” picture • Partonic models: good general agreement with data • K-/K+, pbar/p: approximately constant over +-1 unit of rapidity and fall off with y • Universal correlation: K-/K+=(pbar/p)1/4 • Inverse slope decreases with rapidity • Measured dN/dy over 3 units of rapidity • near flat net-proton yield in y<+-2 • Significant increase in net protons at y=3 • Good aggreement with AMPT: re-scattering still significant at RHIC • Low to high chemical potential from y=0 to y=3 • Net baryon central plateau (y < +-2) • Incomplete yet significant transparency • More Complete measurements including pp,dA expected in Run3 and beyond J.H. Lee (BNL)

  41. Models, models… • HIJING: emphasis on purturbative QCD processes leading to multiple mini-jet production from parton scattering (X.Wang and M.Gyulassy Phys. Rev. D (1991) 3501) • AMPT: (A Multiphase Transport Model) HIJING to generate the initial phase space of parton, then extends to quark-gluon to hadronic-matter transition and the final hadron interaction (B. Zhang, C.M. Ko, B. Li, Z.Lin Phys. Rev. C 61 (2001) 067901) • UrQMD: hadronic + string including all known resonances (S.A.Bass et al. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 41 (1998) • FRITIOF: string dynamics + LUND. Hadron behaves like relativistic strings with confined color field (H.Pi, Comp. Phys. Comm. 71 (1992) ) • … J.H. Lee (BNL)

  42. Particle Ratios:centrality and pt dependence • No centrality dependence in range 0-20% • No transverse momentum dependence J.H. Lee (BNL)

  43. How consistent are the models? 130 GeV J.H. Lee (BNL)

  44. Production of high rapidity (large xF ) charged hadrons can be described with this diagram; the momentum fraction of each parton is written as: x1,2 = (pt/√s)ey pt and y are the transverse mom and rapidity of the measured hadron. A proton of 30 GeV/c measured at 3 would probe x2 ~5 X 10-4 BRAHMS ability to work at high rapidity (~4) opens a window to study the presence of a ColorGlassCondensate in the initial conditions of d-A collisions x1-x2 = xF x1x2 = pT2/s 0 < x1,2 < 1 -1 < xF < 1 J.H. Lee (BNL)

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