Designing An Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program For Copper How An Hour In The Library Can Save You A Week In The

1. Designing An Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program For Copper How An Hour In The Library Can Save You A Week In The Lab Kelly D. Moran TDC Environmental

2. Planning for TMDLs • Developing a cost-effective compliance strategy for urban runoff programs facing pollutant-specific TMDLs requires information about pollutant sources and feasible control measures • Without this information, treating stormwater from existing development appears to be the only compliance option

3. Pollutant Sources: Traditional Approach • POTWs • Creeks/rivers • Sediments • Air deposition

4. Pollutant Sources: New Approach • Find the pollutantin the watershed • Find how it is releasedto surface water • Creates opportunities: • Eliminate source • Control at source

5. Don’t Start with Sampling • Monitoring isn’t the greatest way to identify stormwater pollutant sources • Need too many samples • Most variation due to weather, not sources • Working up a stream rarely works • Many sources present everywhere Start withtheliterature

6. Top Data Sources • “Gray literature”—reports done by other agencies • Ask your network • E-mail questions to listservers • Web search • Scientific literature • Best search approach: online databases at university science/engineering libraries • Don’t fall for common wisdom (e.g., PCBs are NOT all from transformers)

7. General Approach • Try to do a mass balance • Compare total load to source estimates • Estimate total load from monitoring, AB 1429 studies, and even models • Avoid land use based estimates • These won’t help identify control measures • Select approach to match data quality • Classify sources as large or small • Numeric estimates not always possible

8. Copper Uses • Plumbing pipe • Heat exchangers, radiators • Industrial catalysts and electrodes • Jewelry and other decorations • Utensils such as pots and pans • Coins • Fertilizer • Roofs, gutters, flashing, and other architectural elements • Motor vehicle components like bearings, bushings, gears, and wiring • Pesticide (algaecide, fungicide, wood preservative, bactericide) • Batteries • Blue coloring for consumer products • Semiconductor manufacture

9. Urban Runoff and Shoreline Activity Copper Sources • Vehicle brake pads • Architectural copper • Industrial copper use • Copper air emissions • Copper pesticides (including algaecides) • Marine antifouling coatings • Soil erosion • Copper in domestic water • Vehicle fluid leaks and dumping

10. Copper Release Estimates Cu release = Watershed release x wash off fraction • Estimate release to watershed • Estimate wash off fraction

11. Architectural Copper • Corroded copperwashed off in runoff • Annual Cu Releaserates in literature(grams/sq. meter/year) • Since release rates based on stormwater measurements—assumed 100% wash off Cu release = Cu roof areaTOTAL x Annual Cu Release Rate Cu roof areaLU = AcresLU x Roof CoverageLU x Cu Roof %LU

12. Vehicle Brake Pads • Many brake pads contain copper • Wear debris released to air & roads • Wear and Cu content in literature • BPP wash off estimates (15%-24%) • SFEI estimates typical urban Cu wash off fraction is 32% Cu Release = Nvehicles x %wear x Cuvehicle

13. Copper Pesticides • Many copper pesticides: • Landscaping fungicides • Wood preservatives • Algaecides • Marine antifouling paint • Pesticide use releases copper • DPR databaseshttp://www.cdpr.ca.gov/dprdatabase.htm • Products • Sales (statewide) • Reported use (by county)

14. Estimating Urban Pesticide Use • DPR pesticide use reports (by county) • Can pick out urban uses from reports • Many uses not reported: remaining use must be estimated • Generally scale use estimates on a per capita basis • Adjust for pesticide copper content Cu release = Reported urban use + Unreported use Unreported Use = Statewide sales – Reported use

15. Pesticide Wash Off • Used wash off data from literature: • On soils: generally 0.5% to 1% • Wood preservatives: about 8% • Had to roughly estimate: • Algaecides: • Lagoons: 100% • Pools, spas, fountains: 5% • Reservoirs: no release to urban runoff except via domestic water flows

16. Marine Coatings • Copper biocidein boat paint • Passive leachingprimary source • San Diego studies estimated annual release per average 12.2 meter long boat (grams/year/boat) • Release directly to water—no wash off adjustment needed Cu Release = # Boats x Annual Cu Release Rate

17. Cu Sources in Urban Runoff(Lb Cu/Year)

18. Cu Shoreline Activity Sources (Lb Cu/Year)

19. Control Measure Data Sources • Most information in “gray” literature • Treatment measures are studied—alternatives are often not studied • Many alternatives eliminate the pollutant • Often cost, community acceptance, freedom of choice are main issues • Local demonstration projects valuable • Beware: studying can cost more than implementing

20. Evaluating Control Measures • Control at source usually most effective, cheapest • Alternatives usually better than BMPs • Considerations: • What does it cost? Who pays? • How much management is needed? • Does community accept alternatives? • Voluntary or mandatory?

21. Control Measures: Urban Runoff and Shoreline Copper

22. Acknowledgements • Technical Assistance: • Ruby Pap, BCDC • Joan Edwards and Karen McDowell, SFEP • Brake Pad Partnership Steering Committee and Advisors • Thomas Barron • Nan Singhasemanon, DPR • Leigh Johnson, UC Cooperative Extension • Brandt Grotte • Geoff Siemering, SFEI • Geoff Brosseau, BASMAA • Arleen Feng, Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program • Richard Looker, SF Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board • Funding: Clean Estuary Partnership • San Francisco Bay area urban runoff programs • San Francisco Bay area wastewater treatment plants