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Early Development of Vertebrates

Early Development of Vertebrates. Fish, Birds, and Mammals. Zebrafish Development. Cleavage in Zebrafish. What kind of cleavage occurs in fish?. Cleavage in Zebrafish. At the time of the mid-blastula transition three cell populations form: yolk syncytial layer (YSL) enveloping layer (EVL)

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Early Development of Vertebrates

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  1. Early Development of Vertebrates Fish, Birds, and Mammals

  2. Zebrafish Development

  3. Cleavage in Zebrafish • What kind of cleavage occurs in fish?

  4. Cleavage in Zebrafish • At the time of the mid-blastula transition three cell populations form: • yolk syncytial layer (YSL) • enveloping layer (EVL) • deep cells • What is the importance of each?

  5. Gatrulation in Fish • How does gastrulation begin?

  6. Gastrulation in Fish • What is the germ ring in the developing embryo? • How does hypoblast form?

  7. Gastrulation in Fish • What is the role of convergence and extension?

  8. Axis Formation in Fish • How has it been demonstrated that the embryonic shield is critical to dorsal-ventral axis formation? • What structures form from it?

  9. Axis Formation in Fish • How does notocord induce neural structures from overlying ectoderm?

  10. Axis Formation in Fish • Where is the Nieuwkoop center and how does it function? What determines the anterior-posterior axis?

  11. Cleavage in Birds • What kind of cleavage occurs in birds?

  12. Cleavage in Birds • What is the area pellucida, area opaca and subgerminal cavity?

  13. Gastrulation in Birds • How is the two-layered blastoderm formed?

  14. Gastrulation in Birds • What is the primitive streak?

  15. Gastrulation in Birds • What is important about the primitive groove? • the primitive knot or Henson’ node? • How does the primitive streak define the embryonic axes?

  16. Gastrulation in Birds • What is the fate of cells migrating through the primitive streak?

  17. Gastrulation in Birds • What happens to the primitive streak?

  18. Gastrulation in Birds • What is needed to complete the process of gastrulation?

  19. Axis Formation in Birds • How does the pH influence the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis? • How do we know this is true?

  20. Axis Formation in Birds • How goes gravity influence formation of anterior –posterior axis?

  21. Axis Formation in Birds • How does formation of Nieuwkoop center in birds compare with amphibians?

  22. Axis Formation in Birds • From where does the “organizer” in the chick form?

  23. Axis Formation in Birds • How is left-right axis formed? • How has this been demonstrated experimentally?

  24. Early Mammalian Development • What makes mammalian cleavage unique?

  25. Early Mammalian Development • What is compaction and when does it occur?

  26. Early Mammalian Development • How is trophoblast different from inner cell mass? • How does blastocyst form from morula?

  27. Early Mammalian Development • What enables the blastocyst to attach to the uterus?

  28. Gastrulation in Mammals • Development is internal. What modifications to the anatomy does this involve?

  29. Derivation of Mammalian Tissues

  30. Gastrulation in Mammals • gastrulation begins at the posterior end of the embryo What appears to control cell migration and specification?

  31. Gastrulation in Mammals • precursors of ectoderm are anterior to primitive streak • human hypoblast cells are replaced by endoderm precursors

  32. Extraembryonic Membranes

  33. Extraembryonic Membranes • How does placenta provide nutrients and oxygen to fetus?

  34. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • Where are the two signaling centers located in the mammalian embryo?

  35. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • How is mouse node and AVE similar to chick and frog organizer tissues?

  36. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • What kind of interactions occur between visceral endoderm and epiblast in mice?

  37. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • What is believed to be the role of the Hox genes?

  38. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • What kind of evidence has enabled us to break the Hox gene code? • knockout experiments • experiments with retinoic acid • comparative anatomy studies

  39. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • What was shown to occur when the Hoxa-3 gene was “knocked out”? • the Hoxa-2 gene?

  40. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • How has the application of retinoic acid provided us information about hox genes?

  41. Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation • What is the connection between hox gene expression and the type of vertebrae formed?

  42. Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation • What is the connection between a-v pole and d-v axis?

  43. Left-Right Axis • What appears to be responsible for specifying the left-right axis?

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