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DNA is an abbreviation for d eoxyribo n ucleic a cid .

DNA, an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long molecule found in the nucleus of cells. Its components include sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. Discover the genetic code, replication process, and relationship with chromosomes. Learn about genetic engineering, gene cloning, and mutations, both spontaneous and induced. Explore the causes and effects of changes in DNA. Dive into the fascinating world of genetic material and its implications in various organisms.

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DNA is an abbreviation for d eoxyribo n ucleic a cid .

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  1. What is DNA DNAis an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid . -------------------------------------------------------- *It is formed in the cells of all living things ,including the human body . *The DNA is a very long molecule and is found in the nucleus of cells

  2. DNA consists of three basic components: A .A sugar (pentose sugar) ~ dexoyribose which is oxygen less of the ribose sugar B.Phosphate group ~ chemically reactive Structure of DNA

  3. C.Organic nitrogenous base ~ 4types of nitrogenous base, 2 purines and 2 pyrimidines ~ purines consists of adenine (A) and Guanine(G) ~ pyrimidines consist of cytomsine(C) and thymine (T)

  4. In 1962, James Watson (from America) and Francis Crick (from Britain) discovered the structure of DNA. They were awarded a Nobel Prize. Discovery of DNA

  5. (A) The sequence of bases in DNA provides the genetic code to give information to control the cell activities and is specific to each species. Function of DNA

  6. (B) The complementary relationship of the bases in the DNA molecule enables the DNA to replicate (make an exact copy) so that the same genetic information can be passed to the offspring. The type of protein and enzyme is characteristic of a species of organism.

  7. Duplication of DNA

  8. Chromosomes are made up of proteins (e.g.histones) and nucleic acid (DNA and RNA). The nucleic acids carry the genetic code or genetic formation. Relationship between DNA and chromosome

  9. Some interesting information about DNA (A) What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is an unnatural insertion of a foreign sequence of genetic codes in the midst of the orderly sequence of genetic codes of the recipient, developed through millions of years.

  10. (B) What is gene cloning? Cloning is one aspect of genetic engineering, the part that allows scientists to use a variety of methods to duplicate copies of already existing organisms or genetic material. But the term "genetic engineering" is much broader, encompassing a wide range of procedures designed to alter genetic material, not only copying genes, but in some cases, making completely new proteins.

  11. (C) What cause changes in DNA? Introduce the mutations of DNA: • Chromosome mutations involve changes in the number of chromosomes per cell or changes in the gross structure of a chromosome. These changes are generally observable under the microscope. (2) Gene mutations involve the chemical changes in an individual gene and they cannot be seen under the microscope.

  12. (1) Induced mutationcan be induced artificially to occur at a higher rate by applying mutagenic agents (mutagens ). For example: (a) Chemical mutagens - nitrous acids, base analogues, mustard gas, ethyl urethane formaldehyde. (b) Physical mutagens - X rays, ultra-violet rays, cosmicrays atomic radiation.  (D) The spontaneous mutation and the induced mutation

  13. (E) Changes involve in the addition or loss of one or more chromosomes. (a)If change in the addition of one or more chromosomes, mongolism in man is caused by the presence of one extra piece of the 21st chromosome in the cell. Such individuals have abnormalities of the face, Eye-lids and tongue arementally retarded.>>>>>THE END<<<<<

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