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Ming-Yih Chang , National Ilan Univ . , Taiwan Wei Fang , National Taiwan Univ . , Taiwan

Effect of Artificial Light Supplement in Transcontinental Sea Cargo on the Flowering of Young Spiking Phalaenopsis. Ming-Yih Chang , National Ilan Univ . , Taiwan Wei Fang , National Taiwan Univ . , Taiwan Po-Hung Wu , O x O rchid Group, Taiwan

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Ming-Yih Chang , National Ilan Univ . , Taiwan Wei Fang , National Taiwan Univ . , Taiwan

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  1. Effect of Artificial Light Supplement in Transcontinental Sea Cargo on the Flowering of Young Spiking Phalaenopsis Ming-Yih Chang, National Ilan Univ., Taiwan Wei Fang, National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan Po-Hung Wu, Ox OrchidGroup, Taiwan Chi-Chung Chen, Nano Bio light Co., Ltd. ,Taiwan 6th International Symposium of Light in HorticultureNov. 15-19, 2009 Tsukuba, Japan

  2. Content • Background of Orchid Export in Taiwan • Advantages and the Bottleneck of Exporting Spiking Orchid • Experiment of LED as Light Supplement Source for Orchid in Transport Container • Results and Dicussion

  3. Global Market of Phalaenopsis Industry • Global production up to 200 million plants • Major market • Europe, North America, Far East

  4. Orchid Export from Taiwan • Before 2004, only bare-rooted orchids were allowed to the US market. • Now, orchids with moss are allowed. • Over continental transportation shift from air fleet to sea cargo. • Long dark period may cause damage to the plant. 3

  5. US admitted the import of potted orchid with moss Orchid Export from Taiwan to US Increased Rapidly since 2006 Bare root by AIR Pot with moss by SEA Japan was the biggest buyer

  6. To export which stage of the potted orchid? • Blooming plant • Finished product • Too vulnerable and occupied too much space to transport • Seedling or Plantlet (the MOST) • Raw material • Tolerable for transport • Spiking plant (with flower stalk emerge) • Semi-finished product

  7. Cost Analysis for Exporting spiking orchid to US Mature plant Ashore Aboard Market Dark Storage 3-4 weeks 2W Flower Forcing 4 W Successive Growth 12 Weeks US$ 0.6 + US$ 4.5 = US$ 5.1 US$ 0.6 + US$ 0.9 + US$ 2 = US$ 3.5 Market Successive Growth 6-8 weeks Flower Forcing 4 W Stalk to 10 cm 4 W Storage with light 3-4 weeks Spiking plant 6

  8. Analysis of Greenhouse Turnover Rate for Exporting Spiking Orchid Ashore 5-6 months 2-2.5/year Market 2W Flower Forcing 4 W Successive Growth 12 Weeks Market Successive Growth 6-8 Weeks 4-5 /year 2.5 – 3 months 7

  9. Spiking orchid is a better candidate • Why? • Running cost is less when grown in Taiwan • US$0.3 /plant/month in Taiwan • US$ 1 /plant/month in Eastern US • Final product is difficult to transport • As close to ‘final product’ as possible • Improve the greenhouse turnover rate • Current situation: • Very few exported by Air , due to high cost. • Is it possible to be shipped by SEA without damage?

  10. Shipping by Sea is cheaper, butDark stress would be the problem… It takes time One month from Taiwan to Eastern US = One month of dark stress on orchid Dark stress inhibit the bud differentiationThe stalks become useless Rotted Whiten 9

  11. Objective • To develop a new business model for Taiwan orchid growers. • Product to export: • mature young plant => spiking plant • maintain the stalk vitality is the key technology

  12. To overcome Dark stress, Add the Light in • Artificial light supplement in Container • To maintain the orchid physical activity • To maintain the stalk vitality • To assure the successive flowering • Light need electricity in container,and generator provide electricity to container,So, every thing is done ?

  13. Power Restriction in container • The power supply for each Reefer container in cargo ship is 440V, 25 Amp max. • 16 Amp for refrigerator • Only 9 Amp for light • Due to restricted electricity supply, • energy-efficient light source should be used, such as • LED, T5 fluorescent light • What is the minimum light integral required ?

  14. Different spectrum of LEDs as Light Source in Experiment • CW LED tube • Cool White 5400 K • R/G/B = 20:50:30 • 20 W • RB LED tube • Red/Blue (660/450 nm = 80:20) • 13 W • Compared with T5 Fluorescent tube • 6500 K • 28 W

  15. 2 – 4 tubes installed under 127 × 55 cm shelves of cart

  16. Light distribution at 25 cm from light CW LED × 3 RB LED × 4 energy effic. 0.9 µmol/m2/s per Watt 54 µmol/m2/s 60 W 48 µmol/m2/s 52 W Light intensity 40 µmol/m2/s 40 W 54 µmol/m2/s 84 W CW LED × 2 T5 FL × 3

  17. Experiment I:Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering Focus on different Light sources under same light integral

  18. Experiment II :Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering Focus on different Lighting strategy under same light source

  19. White andRedorchid in this experiment • Orchids of two commercial cultivars, • white flower Phal. Sogo Yukidian 'V3' • red flower Dtps. Jiuh Bao Red Rose 'OX1194', • 140 mature orchids in each cultivar • 6 leaves • leaves span 30-35 cm • grown in 10.5-cm-diameter pots filled with moss

  20. Experiment divided into 3 Stage • flower-forcing (2 months) • Greenhouse 25/18ºC, 15,000 lux • Simulating transport (4 weeks) • Environmental control chamber 18ºC • Different light supplement treatment • Successive growth • move to greenhouse again • Measure the flower quality at the 7thweek

  21. Successive growth in greenhouseat Tainan, Taiwan

  22. RESULTS and DISCUSSION

  23. Experiment I:Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering

  24. NS Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering of White Orchid NS FL > CW > RB

  25. NS Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering of RedOrchid NS NS

  26. Experiment II :Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering

  27. Effect of Lighting Strategy on Floweringof White Orchid NS Lighting 12 hr > 8hr

  28. Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering of REDOrchid NS

  29. Power Evaluation of feasibility of light supplyment in Container • Available power in container 9 A @440V • Roughly calculation total power should be <3.9 kW • 3 CW LED per shelf provide light intensity 54 µmol/m2/s is enough for lighting supplyment,60 W × 3 shelves/cart × 33cart/container × 50% light up = 3 kW < 3.9 kW • Lighting in Container is feasible

  30. SUMMARY • All lighting treatment is much better than the dark treatment • It is possible to transport spiking orchids by sea in a container with light supplement. • Further study should be required • White orchid • Spectrum did not affect buds number and flower diameter • On flower number, Cold white (LED or FL) is better than RB • Red orchid • Spectrum did not affect flower number and flower diameter • On bud number, Cool white LED is better than others

  31. Thank you for your kind attention.

  32. 1253 3CWLED vs Dark vs Greenhouse

  33. 聚寶 3CWLED vs Dark vs Greenhouse

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