The interplay between radio jets and ISM in sub-kpc radio sources

1. The interplay between radio jets and ISM in sub-kpc radio sources evolution of jets interacting with their environment as seen in small and intermediate scale objects Raffaella Morganti ASTRON, Dwingeloo Kapteyn Inst. Groningen Clive Tadhunter, Tom Oosterloo, Joanna Holt, Bjorn Emonts Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

2. Characteristics and effects of jet-ISM interaction: why important? • Effect of the ISM on the radio jet: doesn’t care? momentarily disrupt? frustrated? destroyed? • Effects of the jets on the surrounding ISM: gas outflow clearing the circum-nuclear regions? Interaction radio jets/ISM is one of the possible mechanisms for triggering outflows (together with radiation pressure and starburst winds) important for the evolution of the host galaxy Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

3. from Clive Tadhunter Following a hierarchical scenario:evolution of AGN vs host galaxy Start of merger -1 billion yr onset of radio activity related to accretion or merger -> but variety of conditions in the merger Advanced merger: gas driven towards nucleus; starburst -0.5 billion yr Quasar and jet activity drives gas out of galaxy Now Relaxed E-galaxy +1 billion yr Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

4. Initial phase of AGN can be crucial in the evolution of the host galaxy in radio-loud objects we know which one are YOUNG AGN (e.g. CSS/GPS) thus we can study their effect on the medium Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

5. We use the (kinematics of the) gas to trace what is happening in the central regions of active galaxies Atomic neutral hydrogen Ionised gas Molecular gas (talk Patrick Ogle) complementary information Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

6. Gas in (the centre of) early-type (field) galaxies: important and very common component In general (not only AGN selected early-type): • Ionised gas -> ~70% detected, complex kinematics, kinematical decoupled cores etc. -> external origin of the gas in many cases (but not all!) • Neutral hydrogen emission (on large scale) absorption (for radio-loud): can explore the small scales comparison compact/extended Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

7. NGC 4261 (van Langevelde et al. 2000) HI in early-type galaxies HI total intensity + optical ATCA data HI in EMISSION: 70% detection rate for deep observations (down to few x 106 Msun) HI in ABSORPTION: detected in ~30% of radio loud 200 kpc Serra et al. 2005 Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

8. How about sub-kpc (CSS/GPS) radio sources: • is gas (ionised/neutral) present? and how compares to what found in large radio galaxies? • are they (CSS/GPS) really moving through a dense medium? • kinematics of the gas? Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

9. Atomic neutral hydrogen in large vs compact radio sources Narrow (100-200 km/s) absorption component, associated with settled gas (e.g. circum-nuclear disks, halo, clouds e.g. see 4C12.50) Gallimore et al. • - Typical optical depth • for radio galaxies: • ~0.01 – 0.05 • High optical depth0.1-0.2 • detected in Seyferts and • small/young sources. • High detection rate of HI in • CSS/GPS (e.g. Vermeulen et al. 2005) • (not so clear for HFP Orienti et al. 2006) optical depth  Vermeulen et al. Morganti et al. upper limits Typical HI column densities: 1019 - few times 1020 cm-2 for Tspin=100 K BUT Tspin can be up to few 1000 K BUT NOT THE FULL STORY! Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

10. extra-gas surrounding the AGN, e.g. left over from the merger that triggered the AGN fast HI outflows shocks 1400 km/s radio jet HI absorption from the torus or from circumnuclear disks WSRT Morganti et al. 2003 Cygnus A ~150 km/s Conway & Blanco 1995 The nuclear regions probed by the HI Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

11. WSRT observations of broad HI absorption ~1400 km/s ~1000 km/s ~1500 km/s  ~0.003  ~0.0023  ~0.004 ~2000 km/s ~800 km/s ~2000 km/s  ~0.0005  ~0.006  ~0.002 ~600 km/s Up to 2000 km/s width, optical depth <<1% Column density few times 1021 cm-2 (for Tspin = 1000 K) Mostly blueshifted HI outflows - Morganti, Oosterloo, Tadhunter A&A 2005 Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

12. Radio sources with detected fast HI outflows are either mainly compact/young or large with steep-spectrum cores (considered to be objects with restarted radio activity: 3C293 and 3C236)All with rich ISM (CO, farIR....) • Outflows detected in off-nuclear regions: • jet-ISM interaction Outflows detected (with similar characteristics) both in ionised AND neutral gas! Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

13. The case of 3C305 1 kpc WSRT VLA VLA HI • The broad HI absorption is found off-nucleus at the location of the radio lobe (about 1.6kpc from the nucleus) • column density 2x1021 cm-2 (for Tspin=1000K) • Mass outflowing gas ~106 Msun core 500km/s Morganti, Oosterloo, Tadhunter, van Moorsel & Emonts 2005 A&A Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

14. Radio Galaxies Jet-driven outflows can have an impact on the evolution of a galaxy comparable to starburst-driven superwinds Mass outflow rate between a few and ~50 Msun/yr comparable (lower end) to that found in Ultraluminous IR galaxies Relevant impact in the evolution of the galaxy? Rupke, Veilleux, Sanders 2002, 2005 • Bulk kinetic energy: • ~ few x 1057 erg • (over a lifetime of a radio jet) Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

15. Comparison between young (compact) and extended radio sources Histograms: systemic-broadest Ionised gas Extended radio sources (Taylor 2004) • 14 powerful CSS/GPS from 3C/4C-2Jy samples • 11/14 show evidence for fast outflows • systemic to broadest component • different distributions: K-S test significance: 99.9% • size is important Number of sources Shift (km s-1) Compact radio sources (Holt 2005) CSS GPS Number of sources Other Holt (2005) Shift (km s-1) PhD work of Joanna Holt Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

16. General results on ionized and neutral hydrogen in compact sources Indication of a rich medium around these objects? • Broader & blueshifted optical emission lines are associated with compact radio sources: fast outflow of ionised gas very common • Higher HI column density and fast HI outflows detected (produced by the interaction between the radio jet and the surrounding dense medium) Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

17. Detailed study of two objects and the connection atomic neutral - ionised gas Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

18. Compact and powerful radio galaxy (P5GHz = 1026 W Hz-1) Far-IR bright, LIR~2x1012 Lsun Large amount of CO, ~ 1010 Msun 4C12.50 and its unfriendly medium HST [OIII] VLBI Very rich ISM [OIII] Profiles WHT+ISIS -450 km/s -2000 km/s Holt et al. 2002 Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

19. AGN feedback: outflows Extended [O II]3727 emission narrow Deep HI 21cm absorption(Mirabel 89, Morganti et al 03) intermediate blueshift ~ 400 km s-1 [O III] emission in the nucleus broad blueshift ~ 2000 km s-1 (Holt et al 03a,b) Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

20. AGN feedback: outflows Extended [O II]3727 emission Deep HI 21cm absorption(Mirabel 89, Morganti et al 03) [O III] emission in the nucleus (Morganti et al 03) (Holt et al 03a,b) Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

21. [OII]-emitting cocoon HI clouds Shocked clouds Jet Bow shock [OIII] clouds Stratified outflow quiescent halo emitting narrow component narrow component intermediate component Far side ofgalaxy, completely obscured from view broad component Observer’s L.O.S. bi-polar radio jets bi-polar radio jets obscured quasar The broadest components are the most highly reddened & higher density (> 5000 cm-3) Upper limit for the total mass of line emitting gas (kinematically disturbed component combined) < 106 Msun - too low for frustrating, confining the source Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

22. high density cloud radio jet black=WSRT red = VLBI Integrated HI profile 2D simulations Bicknell et al. 2003 HI at the systemic tracing a clumpy medium Case of 4C12.50: the jet is “fighting” its way out of a rich medium? Global VLBI High column density (NH~1022cm-2) HI absorption 4C12.50 ~50pc Core Mass of the HI cloud ~105-6 Msun Morganti, Oosterloo, Vermeulen et al. 2004 Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

23. 2.3 GHz (King 1996) centre Narrow H (FWHM<400km/s) HI Broad [OIII] (FWHM~1350km/s) blueshift ~ 680 km s-1 NTT+EMMI & VLT+FORS2 PKS 1549-79: an example of a radio source in the early-stage of its evolution VLT+FORS1: Gunn r (Batcheldor et al. 2007) • Recent major merger: tidal tails in optical, young stellar population (50-250 Myr) • Core-jet radio structure: close to the line-of-sight • HI absorption surprisingly present • No broad permitted (optical) lines but Pa in NIR • Broad blueshifted (outflowing) component e.g. [OIII]5007 VLBI Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

24. PKS1549-79 AAT/IRIS2 K-band FWHM = 1950 ±40 km/s PKS 1549-79: in a stage where the nucleus is still hidden (in the optical) by the gas/dust coming from the merger that triggered the radio source Observer’s L.O.S. [O II]-emitting disk/cocoon • young, small scale radio jets • expanding through dense cocoon • sweep aside gas and dust • AGN driven outflow will eventually remove the gas Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

25. core 1.2GHz ~200 pc [OII] [OII] Tzioumis et al. Not enough sensitivity to detect broad HI, but the HI at the systemic velocity represents the cocoon around the radio source Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

26. Main problem: relatively modest warm gas outflow . mass outflow rate: 0.12 < M < 12 M๏ yr-1 mass of ionised gas in the outflow : 1.9x104 < M๏ < 1.9x106 . energy flux: 5.1x1040 < E < 5.1x1042 erg s-1 . 1.5x10-6 < E/Ledd < 1.5x10-4 Only small fraction of accretion power • the warm-gas outflow is not large! more in cold/hot gas? • not as large as expected in the quasars feedback model • it will not be able to clear all gas • amount of ionised gas: not large to stop the jet Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

27. Results from the study of single objects • Interaction important - many effects seen • complex, stratified structure of the ionised gas outflow • the gas masses do not seem to be large enough to frustrate the source • but likely slowing down the evolution of the jets. • mass outflow not enough as expected in feedback models ? Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

28. For nearby (z < 0.04) lower luminosity, compact sources the situation could be different (see also talk Giroletti) not all GPS/CSS become large galaxies? but not necessarily because of the interaction? different evolution? large amount of HI in emission around nearby CSS: connected to their origin? BUT we don’t see large sources with such large HI disks. Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

29. ~1kpc ~1kpc Emonts et al. 2006, astro-ph/0701438 Nearby (z<0.04) compact radio sources Remarkable trend: radio galaxies with large amounts (MHI >109 Msun) of extended (many tens of kpc up to 200 kpc!) HI disks all have a compact radio source NGC 3894 • HI-rich compact radio sources do not grow into extended sources (either because frustrated by the ISM in the central region of the galaxy or because the fuel stops before the source expands) Giroletti et al. 2004 Morganti et al. 2006 Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)

30. Results Powerful compact sources • Interaction important - many effects seen • complex, stratified structure of the ionised gas outflow • the masse of the gas involved does not seem to be large enough to frustrate the source • but likely slowing down the evolution of the jets. Nearby low-luminosity compact sources • different evolution? • some of them just fade away? do not grow to large size Extragalactic jets, Girdwood (May 2007)