Chapter eight: The Turn of the century

1. Chapter eight: The Turn of the century Bright Lights, Bigger City!!!

2. Standards covered • CE 6.1.1 Analyze the factors that enabled the United States to become a major industrial power including technological advances. • CE 6.1.3 Analyze the changing urban and rural landscape by examining the development of cities divided by race, ethnicity, and class. • CE 6.3.1 Describe at least three significant problems or issues created by America’s industrial and urban transformation between 1895 and 1930.

3. Science and urban life: section one • Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding. CITY LIFE AND THE ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY • 1870, only 25 U.S. cities had pop of 50,000 or more • 1890, 58 cities had pop of 50,000 or more…by 1900, 4 out of 10 Americans lived in cities—Why do we have this trend? • Growing population increases the need for communication, transportation and more space…

4. science and Urban Life • Skyscrapers able to be created due to two factors: the invention of elevators and the creation of steel skeletons to carry the weight of the building • Louis Sullivan (creates Wainwright building in St. Louis) and DanielBurnham (creates Flatiron Building in NY) • Helped make better use of space that was limited

5. science and Urban Life • Old form of transportation before electricity: horse-drawn street cars and underground cable systems • Electric transit = networks of trolley cars (electric powered) and “el” (elevated above city levels) and “subway” (below cities) trains utilized – helps cities to expand outwards—Other benefits? • Steel cable suspension bridges (i.e. Brooklyn Bridge) brings cities together

6. science and Urban Life • Cities want to design recreational centers (parks)—FredrickLaw Olsmstedcreates Central Park with boating, tennis, a zoo, and bicycle paths—Why is this important? • Olmstead also designs parks for St. Louis, Washington D.C., and Boston

7. science and Urban Life NEW TECHNOLOGIES • By 1890 U.S. literacy rate was 90%--publishers created books, magazines, and newspapers to keep up with demand • American mills mass produce wood pulp paper it was cheap to make, can print on both sides, affordable, and durable for high-speed presses • Orville and Wilbur Wright (bicycle manufacturers) experiment with the creation of a flying craft • Built a glider with a four cylinder combustion engine, chose a propeller, and designed a biplane with a wingspanfly this plane on 12/17/1903 and lasts for about 12 seconds ONE SWEET FLIGHT!!! • By 1920, U.S. gov’t influenced by the potential of flight creates airmail

8. science and Urban Life • Before 1880’s, only professionals take photos equip. was too heavy and could not take photos of moving objects • George Eastman replaces the heavy glass plates and need for a portable dark room—develops flexible film to be developed at the studio • Creates Kodak camera for $25 and a 100-picture roll of film to be developed at his company—when returned, one received the photos and a refill • Amateur photos and photojournalism take off (before news pics were drawings!)

9. science and Urban Life

10. science and Urban Life

11. Public education: section two • Reforms in ed led to a rise in literacy and promotion of public education. EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION • Many states had public ed. during Civil War, but not everyone went and most only went and left within four years—few attended high school • Between 1865 to 1895 states pass laws that requires 12 – 16 weeks of school a year for kids ages 8 – 14 • Curriculum emphasizes reading, writing, and arithmetic—had strict rules and physical punishment IT’S AS SIMPLE AS ABC

12. Public education • Kindergarten was added (borrowed from German immigrants)—due to employment of mothers • Still very unequal at this time, most black kids don’t get the opportunities, especially in the South • New industry created need for workers to have more skills for a particular job—due to this, high school and vocational ed take off • Curriculum, now, begins to include science, civics, social studies, drafting, mechanics, and office work (1900’s)

13. Public education • 1890 only 1% of African Americans attend high school; 1910 only 3% attend; while the rest attended prvt. schools • Immigrants are encouraged to go to school to be “Americanized”—send kids to school because it is free • Some resentments include loss of Native languages and Catholics not wanting kids to read Protestant version of the Bible (set up prvt. schools) • Adult immigrants could attend night school to learn English and to qualify for American citizenship

14. Public education EXPANDING HIGHER EDUCATION • High school increased, but college didn’t at first • Between 1890 to 1920, enrollment quadrupled, new requirements and admissions policies added due to this factor • Research universities emerge (adding physical science, psychology, and sociology); professional law and medicine schools are created

15. Public education • Despite discrimination, African Americans attend schools such as Fisk, Atlanta, and Howard Universities • Booker T. Washington (believes racism will end once African Americans understand the economy and acquire the right skills) – he heads the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute to train teachers and people to excel in agricultural, domestic, and mechanical work • B.T.W. took a gradual approach to equal rights, pull yourself up with hard work

16. Public education • W.E.B. Du Bois – did not agree (Harvard grad), he creates the Niagara Movement: values liberal arts education to create well-educated leaders • He discusses the “talented tenth:” top ten percent to integrate people into mainstream society • W.E.B. wanted nothing less than full equality for all, eventually got mad and left the U.S.

17. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION: SECTION THREE • Blacks fought against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws. AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT LEGAL DISCRIMINATION • After Reconstruction, Southern states adopted laws to weaken black rights/power • Limit vote to people who can read by administering a literacy test, African Americans got harder questions or given a test in a foreign language • Poll tax created: had to pay taxes before you could vote; many could not afford

18. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION • For whites that cannot pay the poll tax or pass the literacy test, the “grandfather clause” is created: allowed to vote if father or grandfather voted before January 1st, 1867 • Southern states passed segregation laws, known as Jim Crow Laws: to separate public places such as schools, parks, hospitals, and transportation • Plessy v. Ferguson reached S.C. in 1896 – court issued doctrine of “separate but equal” is legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment

19. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

20. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

21. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION • Jim Crow Images and Cartoons TURN OF THE CENTURY RACE RELATIONS • Racial etiquette est. = blacks were not allowed to shake hands with whites, had to give up the sidewalk rights, and must remove hats as a sign of respect for whites (Hitler use with Jews) • Blacks who violated etiquette were in danger of violence and lynchings—between 1882-1892 more than 1,400 were shot, burned, or hanged without trial • Discrimination existed in the North too when many moved for pursuit of jobs—forced into segregated neighborhoods, last ones hired and first ones fired—creates race riots

22. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST • Native Americans live in territories claimed by U.S.; Asian immigrants flock to West Coast for wealth created by jobs; Hispanics inhabit the southwest—racial tensions make life difficult • Hispanics hired to build railroads in Southwest—used to hot climate but had to work for less money and work was difficult • Some become trapped by debt peonage: slavery until debt is paid…but you can’t pay it—Allowed until 1911 (Supreme Court said violated 13th Amendment) • Job competition with the Chinese developed—pushed into segregated neighborhoods and schools