Who started the Cold War? Explain the point of view of the cartoon

1. Who started the Cold War? Explain the point of view of the cartoon

2. Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins(the “grim struggle for world power between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. in the post World War II world”) How did the United States and the Soviet Union become Cold War adversaries?

3. Roots of the Cold War • Philosophical Differences • USSR: communism, totalitarian dictatorship, the state makes the economic decisions so the proletariat (working class) can share society’s wealth (equality of condition) • The U.S. was determined to destroy Communism • A nuclear monopoly was all about American strength • United States: free-enterprise capitalism, republic, democracy, business owners decide what to produce and consumers decide what to buy (equality of opportunity) • Communist takeovers were brutal attempts to crush democracy • A nuclear monopoly ensured world peace

4. Roots of the Cold War • WWII Impacts Decision Making • Allies during the war, but not truly friends • Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a second European front earlier in the war. • U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union. • 20,000,000 Soviet citizens died (soldiers and civilians) • Starvation, German prisoner camps, Soviet cities were demolished • 290,000 American citizens died • Civilian casualties only at Pearl Harbor (also the only attack on American soil)

5. 1945: A Key Year in World History • Yalta (February) • Stalin, Churchill and FDR meet • Agree to divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation • Agree to support self-government and free elections in Eastern Europe • FDR was hopeful the wartime allies would maintain friendlyrelations (FDR will die in April)

6. 1945: A Key Year in World History • Potsdam (July): Stalin, Attlee and TRUMAN meet • It is agreed to also divide Berlin

7. 1945: A Key Year in World History • Potsdam (July) • Truman learns of the first successful test of our atomic bomb • He let Stalin know it because Stalin’s Soviet troops remained in Eastern Europe • Wherever/Whenever “free” elections were held, Communists always won • Stalin wanted Eastern Europe to be a buffer zone offering protection from attack to the USSR • These would come to be called “satellite nations” • Truman believed in a free Eastern Europe (allow self-determination) • The USA stops aid to the USSR

8. Shaping The Postwar World • Only the two superpowers remained after two devastating wars in 30 years • Their size, economic strength and military ability allows them to dominate global affairs • Nations of the world were left to align themselves with one or the other • Truman and Congress pass the National Security Act • Creates the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president • Creates the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather information and analyze foreign intelligence

9. The United Nations • Discussed as part of the Atlantic Charter • The most important function of the United Nations – maintain international peace and security • Made up of the General Assembly and the Security Council • Comprising all 192 members, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues

10. The United Nations Security Council • The Council is composed of five permanent members — China, France, the Russian Federation (USSR then), the United Kingdom and the United States • And ten non-permanent members (2 year terms) • 9 votes to approve an action BUT the five permanent members have veto power

11. 1946 • Stalin delivers a speech that indicates that capitalism always leads to war and conflict over scarce resources • Seemingly suggests that communism should replace capitalism • George Kennan (Amer. diplomat/Soviet expert) • Enunciates a policy of containment in his “Long Telegram” • The US must combat Russian “expansive tendencies” • USSR refuses to remove troops from Iran until pressured by the US (proof of “expansive tendencies”?)

12. An “Iron Curtain” Divided Europe • 1946: Winston Churchill describes the division of Europe caused by the USSR • Hegemony = a dominatinginfluence of one countryover another • From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.

13. The Truman Doctrine • Truman stressed the duty of the United States to combat totalitarian regimes worldwide. • His March 12, 1947 speech specifically called for $400 million in aid to be delivered to Greece and Turkey. • The Doctrine demonstrated the new American foreign policy as a policy of containment of Soviet expansion. • Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War.

14. The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program) • The Marshall Plan was proposed to help Europe begin its ascent from the ashes of World War II ($13.3 billion by 1952 and the end of the program) • On April 3rd, 1948, Truman signed the first appropriationbill authorizing $5,300,000,000 for the first year • Secretary of State George Marshall offered the same aid to the USSR and its allies, but they did not accept it.

15. The hope was to opposeCommunism, spreaddemocracy, boost the American economy and winallies • The Soviets respond with the Molotov Plan to rebuild Eastern Europe and foster their mutual assistance with the USSR

16. In 1953, George C. Marshall received the Nobel Prize for spearheading the European Recovery Plan. • The postwar years were the first time that Western European countries had worked as closely for mutual gain. • The international cooperation demanded by the Marshall Plan laid the groundwork for the formation of the European Union (EU).

17. The Berlin Airlift (6/1948 – 5/1949) • Remember: Post war Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 sections • The USSR attempted to control allBerlin by cutting surface traffic toand from W. Berlin. • Starving out the population & cutting off business was their preferred method • What could the USA do? • The only way in was through the air • What would Stalin do? • He will lose one of the opening “battles” of the Cold War when the U.S.A. and the R.A.F. delivered 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies on planes arriving every 1-3 minutes • The Berlin Airlift remembered

18. NATO Treaty and Warsaw Pact • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established as an international organization for defense collaboration established in 1949 which attempted to align nations opposed to Soviet expansion. • Similarly, the Warsaw Pact was signed by eastern European nations in an effort to combat western alliances. • Both of these are based on the idea of collective security This map shows the division of Europe between the NATO Treaty (green) and the Warsaw Pact (orange). The United States and Canada are also part of NATO.

19. NSC-68 • Argued that one of the most pressing threats confronting the U.S. was the "hostile design" of the Soviet Union • The Soviet threat would soon be greatly augmented by the addition of more weapons, including nuclear weapons. • The best course of action was to respond in kind with a massive build-up of the U.S. military and its weaponry (defense spending increases 350%)

20. Postwar Politics: Readjustments and Challenges in the U.S.A. • Once WWII ended, Truman has to lead the country through the economic transition to peacetime (remember what happened post-WWI?) • His “Fair Deal” • Increase minimum wage, increase aid to education and agriculture and enact a program for national health insurance • Billions of dollars of war contracts were cancelled • Defense workers lost their jobs • Inflation soared • In 1946, 5 million workers walked off the job

21. Truman Battles the Republicans in Congress • 1946: “Had enough?” • Republicans gain control of both houses of Congress • 22nd Amendment: two term limit for the president • A popular president could be “for life” • 1947: The Taft-Hartley Act • Limited the power of unions by outlawing the closed shop and banning “sympathy” strikes • Mandated an 80 day “cooling off” period before a strike • Vetoed by Truman but overridden • Truman desegregates the armed forces by executive order when Congress refuses to act on a civil rights bill to outlaw segregation and discrimination

22. Post-War Economic Prosperity (no repeat of WWI…no isolationism either) • The G.I. Bill (what about the 15 million veterans?) • Remember the dissatisfied “Bonus Army”? • Send them to technical and vocational schools, colleges and universities • Raise education levels, job training, transform colleges, stimulate construction • The suffering of the 1930’s and 1940’s was over • The size of the middle class doubled from the 1920’s • Women were entering the workforce at the same time popular culture was glorifying the role of wife and homemaker

23. The Baby Boom It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. -- British visitor to America, 1958 1957  1 baby born every 7 seconds

24. Living the American Dream in the Suburbs and… • Levittown, Long Island then Pennsylvania • Bill Levitt was able to build 150 houses per week • $7,999.00in 1949 • “White flight”to the suburbswhile blacksfilled the urbanneighborhoodswhites leftbehind

25. …Living the American Dream in the Sunbelt

26. An Upset Victory in 1948 • Truman looked weak because of his losses to the Republicans in Congress • The Democratic Party splits • There’s Truman, of course • And the left-wing (liberal) Democrats form a “Progressive Party” behind candidate Henry Wallace • Even more liberal than Truman on social issues • Wanted friendlier relations with the USSR • And the segregationist Southern Democrats became known as “Dixiecrats” • Strom Thurmond runs on a segregationist platform • The Republican candidate is Thomas Dewey • And the results were…

27. The Cold War in Asia • The Chinese Civil War • Mao Zedong (Communist) vs. Jiang Jieshi (Nationalist) who were allies during WWII against Japan • The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans but no military support fearing Jiang’s ability to lead • Battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of cross sections of the population. • Communists field commanders defeated Nationalist forces in the late 1940s and established the People’s Republic of China (Red China) in October 1949 (the same year the USSR gets the bomb) • The Nationalists flee to Taiwan

28. …So at this point, who is winning the Cold War?? Who “lost” China? And who should bear the blame for the Cold War even beginning??

29. Korean War (1950-1953) • After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel • North was communist, South was not • 1950: North Korea (supported by Soviet resources) invaded South Korea (supported by the UN and the US) • Soviets boycotting UN for U.S. refusal to allow "Red China" into UN Security Council • Forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthurto push back communists • China sends hundreds of thousands of troops to push back UN • Result: 54,000 American killed, cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored; still in existence

30. When Douglas MacArthur wanted to expand the war into China and publicly questioned the president, he was fired by Truman

31. During the Cold War, many conflicts broke out around the world (the “1st” / “2nd” / “3rd” worlds) • Much of the “3rd” world were former colonies looking for financial, military or humanitarian aid • Some were guerrilla wars and others were between rival factions in a country. • Almost all of them, were tied directly or indirectly to the global struggle between the East and the West.