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Julian Avila

UNDESTANDING GENE FUNCTION - I. IN THIS SECTION:. INHERITANCE – MENDELIAN GENETICS. ARABIDOPSIS REPRODUCTION. SEGREGATION. Julian Avila. THINK ABOUT THIS PROBLEM.

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Julian Avila

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  1. UNDESTANDINGGENE FUNCTION - I IN THIS SECTION: INHERITANCE – MENDELIAN GENETICS ARABIDOPSIS REPRODUCTION SEGREGATION Julian Avila

  2. THINK ABOUT THIS PROBLEM • Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated: • ERECTA-YFPin the er105 mutant background • mCherry in the wild type background • Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background? WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW THAT YOU DO NOT KNOW ALREADY

  3. GREGOR MENDEL “Even if he as a man was subsequently over-lionized by men with their own agendas, even if he was not in fact the heroic father of genetics he was made out to be, that should not diminish what Gregor Mendel truly was: a man with a vision, and the dedication to carry it to its brilliant, radical conclusion.” The Monk in the Garden The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics By ROBIN MARANTZ HENIG Adapted from teaching tools: PLANT CELL, copy right American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB)

  4. 149,000 Mb The Arabidopsis genome is small 5,000 Mb Pisumsativum 4,300 Mb 135 Mb x 149,000,000,000 135,000,000

  5. THE LAWS OF INHERITANCE x x Yellow is dominant Green is recessive There are invisible factorsthat provide these traits 7 characters were studied

  6. MENDEL’S WORK REVEALS THE LAWS OF INHERITANCE Deconstruct an organism into divisible masses of simple biological atoms called ''traits.'‘ Some traits are physicial. height, eye color, ear shape and such. Other traits were mental: intelligence, creativity, bravery, musical ability, idiocy. Mendelians offered rules and patterns for inheritance. The Prince of Peas, August 27, 2000 The New York Times Book Reviews, Joe Cain Adapted from teaching tools: PLANT CELL, copy right American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB)

  7. Eugenicists pressed on, suggesting ways to sort these units in human groups by scientific breeding, sterilization and worse. The Prince of Peas, August 27, 2000 The New York Times Book Reviews, Joe Cain

  8. Norman Borlaug 1914-2009

  9. Inheritance In A. thaliana style Let’s talk about pollination Pics by Jürgen Berger / HeikoSchoof, Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 

  10. Arabidopsis Reproductive Organs STAMEN PISTIL Stigma Anther Style Ovary Filament Ovule Embryo Sac Exp Bot October 1, 2002 vol. 53no. 377 2031-2038

  11. Arabidopsis Gametes Pagnussat et al. 2007 Pics by Jürgen Berger / HeikoSchoof, Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck  Pics by Jürgen Berger / HeikoSchoof, Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 

  12. Pollination in Arabidopsis Stigma AnjaGeitmann, University of Montreal Style Ovary Ovule Embryo Sac Pics by Jürgen Berger / HeikoSchoof, Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck  Pics by Jürgen Berger / HeikoSchoof, Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 

  13. The alleles for this locus are: What is a locus? What is an allele? 2n 2n Locus

  14. Dominance Filial 1; F1 2n Yellow is dominant to green

  15. Segregation 2n WHAT HAPPENS IN THE F2?

  16. Filial 1; F1 X n PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE 2n

  17. NOMENCLATURE leafy WILD TYPE The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY) The protein product: LEAFY (LFY) The mutant: leafy (lfy) Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1) Different genes with same symbol: LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)

  18. NOMENCLATURE leafy WILD TYPE The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY) The protein product: LEAFY (LFY) The mutant: leafy (lfy) Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1) Different genes with same symbol: LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1) In the first page of the articles I am giving you, highlight all of these.

  19. wild type yourname You are characterizing an important gene in your lab. Being a modest scientist you decide to name it after yourself. Fill in the blanks using the gene you named after yourself: The striking dominant phenotype of the _______ mutant was found to be caused by a 4 amino acid deletion in the coding sequence of _______. An in vitro analysis using purified _______ revealed that the removal of the 4 a.a missing in the _______ allele causes an increase in catalytic activity. A similar mutant allele ________ with a weak phenotype was found to carry a non-synonymous substitution in one of the 4 a.a. missing in ________. The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY) The protein product: LEAFY (LFY) The mutant: leafy (lfy) Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1) Different genes with same symbol: LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)

  20. wild type yourname You are characterizing an important gene in your lab. Being a modest scientist you decide to name it after yourself. Fill in the blanks using the gene you named after yourself: The striking dominant phenotype of the _julian-1_ mutant was found to be caused by a 4 amino acid deletion in the coding sequence of _JULIAN__. An in vitro analysis using purified _JULIAN_ revealed that the removal of the 4 a.a missing in the _julian-1_ allele causes an increase in catalytic activity. A similar mutant allele __julian-2_ with a weak phenotype was found to carry a non-synonymous substitution in one of the 4 a.a. missing in _JULIAN_. The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY) The protein product: LEAFY (LFY) The mutant: leafy (lfy) Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1) Different genes with same symbol: LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)

  21. Line 2 Line 1 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed? • Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated: • Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1)in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background • Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background. • Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background?

  22. Line 2 Line 1 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed? • Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated: • Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1)in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background • Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background. • Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background? ER er105

  23. Line 2 Line 1 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed? • Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated: • Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1)in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background • Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background. • Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background? er105

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