Foldables

1. Foldables 16 Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise. Make the back edge about 5 cm longer than the front edge.

2. Foldables 16 Turn the paper so the fold is on the bottom.Then fold itinto thirds.

3. Foldables 16 Unfold and cut only the top layer along both folds to make three tabs.

4. Foldables 16 Label the Foldable as shown.

5. Foldables 16 Read for Main Ideas As you read the chapter, list the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases under the appropriate tab. List some examples of each under the tab also.

6. Solids, Liquids, & Gases -3 seating arrangements metaphor I. States of Matter -5 states of matter (including neutron star matter) A. Solid -________ are as _____ _______ as _______ particles close together possible -________ are ____ in _____, cannot ______ _______, can only ______ in _____ particles held place change position vibrate place -_______ _______ _____ of ______ (except _____) highest density state matter water -has _______ _____ and _______ _______ definite shape definite volume http://www.hickerphoto.com/iceberg-photo-6044-pictures.htm Water present (not necessarily visible) in three states of matter Solid water is less dense than very cold liquid water because its particles take on the regular, repeating, geometric pattern of a crystal

7. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter B. Liquid -________ are as _____ _______ as _______ particles close together possible -________ are ____ ________, but can _____ to ______ ________, and are ____ to ____ (_____) particles held together move change position free flow fluid -___-_______ _______ _____ of ______ (except _____) 2nd highest density state matter water -has _______ _______, but __ _______ _____, _______ _____ of ________ definite volume no definite shape assumes shape container Particles of a liquid are about as close together as those of a solid, but free to flow (change position) http://www.worldofstock.com/closeups/PRE2938.php

8. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter A. States of Matter -Cross-Linked Glue Viscosity Lab 1. Hypothesis: What are the effects of creating cross-linkages between the molecules of a liquid? 2. Prediction: 3. Gather Data: A. Safety: The reagents involved in this lab are of the kind typically found in the home. Use ordinary caution. B. Procedure: 1. Use a 25-mL graduated cylinder to measure out 15 mL of tap water into a test tube. Add about 1 mL Sodium tetraborate (Borax) and shake vigorously. Allow undissolved particles to settle out.

9. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter A. States of Matter -Cross-Linked Glue Viscosity Lab 3. Gather Data: B. Procedure: 2. In a small beaker, mix thoroughly 20 mL tap water and 20 mL glue. Add 3 drops of food coloring of choice (optional). 3. Decant (pour off) Sodium tetraborate solution into glue/ water mixture and slowly stir for 15-20 seconds. 4. Remove mixture from beaker and knead by hand to desired consistency. 5. Clean Up: Wrap your product in a square of plastic, tie off with rubber band. Clean beaker and stirring rod with water, scrub with paper towel.

10. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter A. States of Matter -Cross-Linked Glue Viscosity Lab 4. Analyze Data: A. Stretchability: Find out what happens when your product is stretched slowly, or stretched quickly. B. Viscosity: Place your product in a funnel and wait to see how long it takes for the first drip to reach the lab table. C. Resilience: Shape your product into a ball and determine its ability to bounce. D. Inflatability: Form your product into a ball around the end of a soda straw and inflate it by gently and slowly blowing into the other end of the straw (you might need to pinch your product together around the straw to prevent the air from leaking out).

11. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter A. States of Matter -Cross-Linked Glue Viscosity Lab 5. Draw Conclusions: What are the effects of creating cross-linkages between the molecules of a liquid? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter A. States of Matter -_______ ________ invented the _______ of ___________ of ______ ______ in ____ by adding _____ to the ______ ______ _______ ___________, which made ______ _____ ______, more _______, and more _______ to ________ ______ Charles Goodyear process vulcanization natural rubber 1844 sulfur natural rubber polymer polyisoprene natural rubber harder durable resistant chemical attack vulcanization Roman -____________ is named after the ______ ____ ___ ______ fire god Vulcan Charles Goodyear 1800-1860

13. Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter C. Gas -________ are as ___ _____ as _______ particles far apart possible -________ are ___ ____ in _____ or ____ _______, but _____ ______, and are ____ to ____ (_____) particles not held place held together move freely free flow fluid -_______ _______ _____ of ______ (about ______ ______ of ______ or _____ lowest density state matter 1/1000 density liquid solid no definite volume no definite shape assumes shape -__ ________ ______, __ ________ _____, _______ _____ of ________ container Particles of a gas are not held together at all, so they can expand and change density indefinitely, according to temperature and pressure conditions

14. Solids, Liquids, & Gases St. Elmo’s Fire is an example of a plasma. What is St. Elmo’s Fire? I. States of Matter D. Plasma -________ are as ___ _____ as _______ particles far apart possible -________ are ___ ____ in _____ or ____ _______, but _____ ______, and are ____ to ____ (_____) particles not held place held together move freely free flow fluid -_______ _______ _____ of ______ (about ______ ______ of ______ or _____ lowest density state matter 1/1000 density liquid solid no definite volume no definite shape assumes -__ ________ ______, __ ________ _____, _______ _____ of ________ shape container particles charged conduct electricity -________ are _______, and _______ _________ -____ of all ______ in our _____ ______ and the _______, (in ____, ________, __________ _____, _______ _____, _____ _____, and ______) 99% matter solar system universe stars lightning fluorescent lights halogen lights neon lights auroras Particles of plasma conduct electricity, but with tremendous resistance, and the friction causes the particles to glow

15. Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State -in order to undergo a ______ in ____ from _____ to _____, ______, called the ____ of ______ must be _______ to ________ _________ between _______ called ____________ ______, which ____ ________ of a _____ _______ and ____ the _______ in _____ change state solid liquid energy heat fusion supplied overcome attractions particles intermolecular forces hold particles solid together hold particles place melting

16. Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State -in order to undergo a ______ in ____ from _____ to _____, ______, called the ____ of ______ must be _______ so that ________ ____ _____, ______ ____ _____, and _____ ______ _______, so that ____________ ______ can ____ the _______ _______ and ____ the ________ in _____ change state liquid solid energy heat fusion removed particles slow down collide less often move closer together intermolecular forces hold particles together hold particles place fusion (freezing)

17. Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State -in order to undergo a ______ in ____ from _____ to ___, ______, called the ____ of __________ must be _______ to ________ ____________ ______ which ____ ________ of a _____ _______ but __ ___ ____ the _______ in _____ change state liquid gas energy heat vaporization supplied overcome intermolecular forces hold particles liquid together do not hold particles place vaporization (evaporation)

18. Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State -in order to undergo a ______ in ____ from ___ to _____, the ____ of ___________ must be _______ so that ________ ____ _____, ______ ____ _____, and _____ ______ _______, so that ____________ ______ can ____ the _______ _______, but ___ ____ the ________ in _____ change state gas liquid heat vaporization removed particles slow down collide less often move closer together intermolecular forces hold particles together not hold particles place condensation

19. Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State -a ______ in _____ _______ from _____ to ___ is called __________, and tends to _____ in _______ with ____ ____ ____________ ______, like __ or ____ change state directly solid gas sublimation occur particles very weak intermolecular forces I2 CO2 -_______ in ____ are _______ _______ changes state physical changes sublimation

20. Solids, Liquids, & Gases V1 V1 T1 T1 ___ ___ ___ ___ = = V2 V2 T2 T2 III. Properties of Fluids 1 L 1 L 22°C 22°C ___ ___ _____ _____ = = A. Behavior of Gases V2 V2 0°C -11°C V2 = 0 L? V2 = -0.5 L? Since we can’t divide by zero, and we can’t have negative volumes, we need a temperature scale without a zero or negative values Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin boiling point of water, 212°F boiling point of water, 100°C boiling point of water, 373 K 180°F 100°C 100 K freezing point of water, 32°F freezing point of water, 0°C freezing point of water, 273 K ( ) °F 9 °C = 180°F + 32 5 100°C ( ) °F = 9°F + 32 °C K = °C + 273 absolute zero, 0 K, -273°C 5°C

21. Solids, Liquids, & Gases Dry ice, or solid Carbon dioxide, has a temperature of -109.3°F. What is the equivalent temperature of dry ice in °C? III. Properties of Fluids ( ) A. Behavior of Gases 9°F -109.3°F °C + °C = -78°C = 32 5°C Kelvin Liquid Nitrogen has a temperature of -210°C. What is the equivalent temperature of liquid Nitrogen in Kelvin? boiling point of water, 373 K 100 K K = -210°C + 273 K = 63 K Liquid Helium, the coldest substance on Earth, has a temperature of -452.2°F. What is the equivalent temperature of liquid Helium in Kelvin? freezing point of water, 273 K solid CO2 (dry ice), -78°C, 195 K ( ) 9°F -452.2°F + °C = -269°C = °C 32 5°C liquid N2, -210°C, 63 K K = -269°C + 273 K = 4 K liquid He, -269°C, 4 K absolute zero, 0 K, -273°C

22. Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Properties of Fluids A. Behavior of Gases -_________ _____ is the _______ possible theoretical temperature, equal to _________, and is the ___________ at which the ________ of a sample of gas is _____, and all _______, _________ movement of particles ______ absolute zero lowest -273.15°C temperature volume zero random Brownian ceases William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907) -the coldest ______ temperature is ______, or _________, the temperature of ______ _______ actual 4.22 K liquid -268.78°C Helium V1 T1 ___ ___ = V2 T2 1 L 295 K ___ _____ = V2 0 K V2 = 0 L

23. Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Properties of Fluids A. Behavior of Gases 1. What is the equivalent temperature of 37°C in Kelvin? K = 37°C + 273 K = 310 K 2. What is the equivalent temperature of 68°F in Celsius? ( ) 9°F 68°F °C + °C = 20°C = 32 5°C 3. What is the equivalent temperature of 90°F in Kelvin? ( ) 9°F 90°F + °C = 32°C = °C 32 5°C K = 32°C + 273 K = 305 K 4. What is the equivalent temperature of -20°C in Kelvin? K = -20°C + 273 K = 253 K

24. Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Properties of Fluids A. Behavior of Gases 5. What is the equivalent temperature of 202°C in Fahrenheit? ( ) 9°F °F 202°C + °F = 396°F = 32 5°C 6. What is the equivalent temperature of 0 K in Fahrenheit? 0 K = °C + 273 °C = -273°C ( ) 9°F °F -273°C + °F = -459°F = 32 5°C 7. What is the equivalent temperature of 1535°C in Fahrenheit? ( ) 9°F °F 1535°C + °F = 2795°F = 32 5°C

25. Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Properties of Fluids A. Behavior of Gases 8. What is the equivalent temperature of 50°F in Celsius? ( ) 9°F 50°F °C + °C = 10°C = 32 5°C 9. What is the equivalent temperature of 100 K in Celsius? °C = -173°C 100 K = °C + 273 10. What is the equivalent temperature of 500 K in Fahrenheit? 500 K = °C + 273 °C = 227°C ( ) 9°F °F 227°C + °F = 441°F = 32 5°C