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Scales in the Solar System:

Discover the milestones of space exploration from 1970 to 2004, including landings on Venus and Mars, the first space station, and the failed Kitty Hawk flight recreation. Learn the reasons for space exploration and the unique characteristics of our solar system.

francesjulian
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Scales in the Solar System:

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  1. Scales in the Solar System:

  2. Space and Space Travel Milestones in Space Exploration (1970-2004): 9) 12/15/1970: Vernera 7 Lands on Venus 10) 04/19/1971: Salyut 1 is the First Space Station 11) 11/14/1971: Mariner 9 Orbits Mars 12) 07/20/1976: Viking 1-first long duration lander 13) 04/12/1981: First Flight of Shuttle Columbia. 14) 08/29/1989: Voyager 2 Reaches Neptune. 15) 07/4/1997: Pathfinder Lands on Mars 16) 12/17/2003: Attempt to recreate Kitty Hawk Flight Fails…… 17) 01/4/2004: Spirit Lands on Mars 01/14/2005: Huygens Lands on Titan (4.5 billion times further than Kitty Hawk)

  3. Exploring our Star System Why do it? The Everest Argument: Humans have an innate desire to explore and test themselves.(We need to remember what this means…) Greed: Space is filled with riches!(The moon alone has more natural resources wealth than the combined assets of everyone on Earth!) Survival: The Earth and Humanity are in Peril!(Spreading out increases our chances of survival.) Context: What is the Earth’s Place in the Universe?

  4. Exploring our Star System Why do it? The Copernican Principle: Any observation that suggests our position in the Universe is somehow unique or special is wrong or incomplete. What we know: We live in a star system that contains a single central Sun with several planets of different types orbiting it. Our Hypothesis: This is NORMAL. Is this true and what does mean???

  5. Our Local Inventory: What makes up our star system? 1) A Single central star of type “G”. 2) Two sub-stellar giant planets. (Jupiter & Saturn) 3) Two icy-gas hybrid planets. (Uranus & Neptune) All of the above planets have large systems of satellites; some planet sized. (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, and Triton) 4) Four much smaller rocky planets. (Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars) 5) Two areas of failed planetary debris a) one rock based (Asteroid Belt) b) one ice-based (Kuiper Belt) . 6) Several “Dwarf” Planets. (Pluto) 7) An extended distribution of ejected debris.(Oort Cloud)

  6. The Sun and the Solar System Any study of the solar system must start with the Sun….. 1) The sun contains 99.9% of all the mass in the solar system (Jupiter has most of the remaining 0.1%) 2) The sun dominates energy (and light) production at all frequencies (except in radio waves where human activity is stronger!) 3) Solar energy largely determines the effective (or blackbody) temperatures of every object in the solar system. 4) Material from the Solar Atmosphere is the dominant component of interplanetary space. Compared to the Sun, the planets are nearly inconsequential…..

  7. Neptune Uranus Saturn The Sun Dominates the Solar System. Jupiter Earth Sol The places we are most interested in don’t add up to very much…… Earth Venus Mars Ganymede Titan Mercury Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Pluto

  8. Scales in the Solar System The Solar System is characterized by extremes: 1) The very hot to the very cold 2) The very big to the very small 3) The very dense to the very tenuous 4) The very close to the very distant 5) The very numerous to the very unique 6) The very fast to the very slow

  9. 0.000000001 10-9 Nano (n) (billionth) 0.000001 10-6 Micro () (millionth) 0.001 10-3 Milli (m) (thousandth) 1 100 Unity 1000 103 Kilo (k) (thousands) 1,000,000 106 Mega (M) (millions) 1,000,000,000 109 Giga (G) (billions) 1,000,000,000,000 1012 Terra (T) (trillions) Scientific Notation: Scientific Notation is a shorthand way of writing and multiplying large (and small) numbers. To do numbers that are not divisible by ten, we multiply by an exponential number. 4,275,000,000 = 4.275 x 109or 0.000374 = 3.74 x 10-4

  10. 103 x 10-9 = 10(3) + (- 9) =10-6 102 x 105 = 10(2) + (5) =107 103 ÷ 10-9 = 10(3) - (- 9) =1012 102 ÷ 105 = 10(2) + (5) =107 3.0 x102 + 2.6 x 105 = (3x2.6)x10(2+5) =8.1 x107 1.0 x105 - 7.0 x 102= (17)x10(5-2) =1.42 x10-3 Using Scientific Notation: To multiply numbers using scientific notation we add the exponents. To divide numbers using scientific notation we subtract the exponents. To add or subtract numbers using scientific notation we work in front of the exponents.

  11. Distance from Sun to Earth D = 150,000,000 km In Scientific Notation D = 1.5  108 km The Speed of Light C = 3 x 105 km/s Scientific Notation Example How long does light take to travel from the visible surface of the Sun to the Earth? Time = distance/speed = D/C D/C = (1.5 x 108)÷(3  105) =(15 x 107)÷(3 x 105) = (15 ÷ 3) x 10(7) - (5) Time =5 x 102 = 500 seconds = 8.33 minutes

  12. 1.5x108 km Distance to Sun 17 yr 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) = Distance from Sun to Earth Distance Scales in and near the Solar System: Distance Example Time @ Mach1 100 km Seattle to Olympia 0.1 hr 1000 km Olympia to Sacramento 1 hr 12000 km Earth’s Diameter 12 hr 4.0x105 km Distance to Moon 19 days 1.4x106 km Sun’s Diameter 2 months 6.0x109 km 40 AU (Pluto’s Orbit) 685 yr 7.5x1012 km 1x104 AU (Oort Cloud) 8.6x105 yr 3.5x1013 km Nearest Star 4.0x106 yr!!!

  13. Sun Venus Earth Mars Mercury

  14. Sun Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus Pluto Missoula

  15. Our Local Inventory: Where to learn more? We’ll return to the members of the solar system later, but to learn more about the planets (perhaps for your article….) go to: www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets

  16. Comparing the Sun and Earth Size: • The radius of the Earth is R = 6371 km. R 2) The radius of the Sun is R = 7x105 km.

  17. If the Sun weighed as much as the aircraft carrier independence……… The Earth would only weigh as much as two members of its crew…. Comparing the Sun and Earth Mass: • The mass of the Sun is M = 2 x 1030 kg 2) The mass of the Earth is M = 6 x 1024 kg 3) The ratio of Sun to Earth = 3.3 x 105

  18. 1 paperclip weighs about 1 Gram (g) 1 cubic centimeter (cm-3) is about the size of a Sugar Cube Comparing the Sun and Earth Density: • The Density of the Sun is D = 1.4 g cm-3 2) The Density of the Earth is D = 5.5 g cm-3 Water has a density of1 g cm-3 while Lead is10.8g cm-3 3) The Earth is the densest planet in the solar system. Why????

  19. Composition: Earth (Full) 34.6% Iron 29.5% Oxygen 15.2% Silicon 12.7% Magnesium 2.4% Nickel 1.9% Sulfur Earth (Air) 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0-4% Water 1% Argon 0.035% CO2 0.0017% Methane • Sun • 92.1% Hydrogen • 7.8% Helium • 0.1% Carbon/Oxygen • 0.001% Iron Comparing the Sun and Earth

  20. Temperature: Earth Surface 300K (average ground) Atmosphere 300-1000K (ground to top) Interior 3000-5000K Sun Surface 5000-104K (visible) Atmosphere 2 x 106 K (Corona) Core 1.5 x 107K 273°K = 32°F and 373°K = 212°F Comparing the Sun and Earth

  21. Pop Question! True or False? Deep mine shafts become very hot because of warmth diffusing from the Earth’s interior through the crust. False!!!! Most heating in the crust is from radioactive decay! The crust itself is a very good insulator. If not, the core would have already cooled.

  22. Comparing the Sun and Earth Time and Evolution: The Earth 100-10000 sec. Electrical Disturbances/Storms 104-105 sec. Day-Night cycle - Tides 107 sec. Seasons 1011 - 1012 sec. Ice Ages/Climate Shifts 1015 - 1016 sec. Continent Drift/Magnetic Field/Life 1017 sec. Age of Earth (4.5 billion years) The most significant changes to surface conditions on the Earth were brought about by loss of atmospheric constituents and the emergence of life.

  23. Changes in the Earth’s Atmosphere Time and Evolution: • The Early Earth • Atmosphere similar to Solar Composition • 100x thicker than today • Hydrogen-Helium • 4.5-3.5 billion years • The Young Earth • Hydrogen/Helium Lost • Oceans form/ CO2 from Volcanic Activity • CO2 dissolved in Oceans • 3.5-0.5 billion years ago • The Living Earth (0.5 byr-Present) • Nitrogen Dominates as CO2 is lost/Modern density • Plants evolve photosynthesis-Oxygen Balloons-Feedback with Sun’s evolution. • Animals adapt to O2 metabolism-move to land • O2 in atmosphere: life’s smoking gun/Impossible without

  24. Comparing the Sun and Earth Time and Evolution: The Sun 10000 sec. Convection at visible surface 105 - 106 sec. Flares-Solar Events-Oscillations 2x106 sec. Solar Rotation 107 - 108 sec. Magnetic Cycle 1015 - 1016 sec. Energy Transport- Changes in Core 1017 sec. Age of Sun (4.5 billion years) 2x1017 sec. Sun a Red Giant/Stellar Death

  25. Comparing the Sun and Earth Composition: Earth (Full) 34.6% Iron 29.5% Oxygen 15.2% Silicon 12.7% Magnesium 2.4% Nickel 1.9% Sulfur Earth (Air) 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0-4% Water 1% Argon 0.035% CO2 0.0017% Methane • Sun • 92.1% Hydrogen • 7.8% Helium • 0.1% Carbon/Oxygen • 0.001% Iron

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