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AP Human Geography

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AP Human Geography

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    1. AP Human Geography Concepts of Development

    2. What determines economic development? Resources Population Colonial status Geographic Location Climate

    3. What does development look like?

    4. What does development look like?

    5. What does development look like?

    6. How is development measured? Gross Domestic Product Per Capita aka GDP per capita value of goods and services produced within a country within a given year Other similar measures include GNP (broader value), PPP Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons between countries

    7. Measuring Development Gross Domestic Product per Capita

    8. Gross Domestic Product High Human Development

    9. Gross Domestic Product Medium Human Development

    10. Gross Domestic Product Low Human Development

    11. How is development measured? Rates Literacy Infant mortality Caloric intake Natural increase Inflation

    12. How is development measured? Occupational Structure of the Workforce PRIMARY (agriculture) SECONDARY (industry) TERTIARY (services) QUATERNARY QUINARY

    13. Occupational Structure China GDP $6,200 agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% Australia GDP $32,000 agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70% Philippines GDP $5,100 agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48%

    14. Occupational Structure Luxembourg GDP $59,143 Agriculture 1%, industry 30%, services 69% Singapore GDP $21,492 agriculture 0%, industry 30%, services 70% Equatorial Guinea GDP $5,900 agriculture 20%, industry 60%, services 20%

    15. Occupational Structure Haiti GDP $346 Agriculture 32%, industry 20%, services 48% Malawi GDP $156 agriculture 37%, industry 29%, services 34%

    16. Other Measures of Development Unemployment The number of people who (in a given year) were not working but were available for work and had taken steps to seek work. In some circumstances where employment opportunities are particularly limited in a country, the last criteria ("had taken steps to seek work") may be relaxed.

    17. Other Measures of Development Telephone Lines Number of subscriber lines (business and residential) plus public telephones per 100 inhabitants. This series is calculated by dividing the number of main lines by the population, and multiplying by 100.

    18. Other Measures of Development Undernourished The percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum requirement needed to meet dietary energy requirements on a regular basis.

    19. Other Measures of Development Television Receivers Number of television receivers and/or number of licenses issued per thousand inhabitants. Water Resources per Capita Average amount of water that is available per person from rivers and groundwater each year.

    20. Human Development Index Created by the United Nations Measures three types of factors: economic, social, and demographic Economic factor selected GDP per capita Social factors are literacy and amount of education Demographic factor is life expectancy Factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100% 2001: Norway #1 with .944

    21. GNP Map

    22. Concepts of Development Developed vs underdeveloped Developing? LDC vs MDC

    23. Core Periphery Model Scholars argued for this new approach Sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes occurring in different places Focuses on economic relationships Core Periphery Semi periphery

    24. Core Periphery Model Core Regions High levels of socioeconomic prosperity Dominant players in global economic game Anglo America HDI .94 Japan and the South Pacific HDI .93 Western Europe HDI .92 Eastern Europe HDI .78

    25. Core Periphery Model Periphery Poor regions Dependent on the core Do not have much control over their own affairs

    26. Periphery Regions Latin America HDI .78 East Asia HDI .72 Southeast Asia HDI .71 Middle East HDI .66 South Asia HDI .58 Sub Saharan Africa HDI .47

    27. Core Periphery Model Semi Periphery Regions that exert more power than periphery regions Dominated to some degree by core

    28. The North South Divide

    29. Models of Development Liberal Models All countries are capable of development Economic disparities are a result of short term inefficiencies in local or regional market forces

    30. Models of Development Structuralist Models Regional disparities are a structural feature of the global economy Things have come to be organized or structured in a way and cannot be changed easily

    31. Modernization Model Walt Rostow, 1950’s Liberal model Development through international trade Suggests that all countries follow a similar path through economic development Traditional Preconditions to takeoff Takeoff Drive to maturity High mass consumption

    32. Traditional Not yet started development High % of people engaged in subsistence agriculture High % of wealth allocated to ‘nonproductive activities’ such as religion and military Rigid and unchanging social structure Resistence to technological change

    33. Preconditions of Takeoff An elite group initiates innovative economic activity Country begins investing in new technology and infrastructure Stimulate increase in productivity Progressive leadership

    34. Takeoff Rapid growth facilitated by a limited number of economic activities Some sectors of the economic structure remain dominated by traditional practices Industrialization, urbanization, mass production

    35. Drive to Maturity Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries Industries experience rapid growth similar to the early takeoff industries Workers become more skilled and specialized Modernization in the core Population growth declines

    36. High Mass Consumption Economy shifts from production of heavy industry such as steel and energy to consumer goods like refrigerators and motor vehicles High incomes Widespread production of a variety of goods and services Majority of workers in service sector of economy

    37. Dependency Theory Structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the economic development of less well off regions Dependency helps sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and the poverty of the lesser regions

    38. Dependency Theory Little hope for economic prosperity in regions and countries that have traditionally been dominated by external power Based on generalizations that pay little attention to regional differences in culture, politics, and society

    39. Colonization of Africa

    40. Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development? Self-sufficiency International trade Financing development

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