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The Organelles

The Organelles. -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus -cytoskeleton -cell membrane -vacuole -mitochondria -chloroplast -golgi Apparatus -centrioles -lysosomes -ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum(ER) *Rough ER & Smooth ER. Nucleus. The “brain” of the cell Controls all of the

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The Organelles

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  1. The Organelles -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus -cytoskeleton -cell membrane -vacuole -mitochondria -chloroplast -golgi Apparatus -centrioles -lysosomes -ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum(ER) *Rough ER & Smooth ER

  2. Nucleus • The “brain” of the cell • Controls all of the cellular activities • DNA is inside the nucleus

  3. Nucleus are found inside the nucleus CHROMOSOMES- carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have Chromosomes –

  4. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

  5. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine

  6. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

  7. NUCLEOLUS • The dark area in the nucleus • Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.

  8. CELL MEMBRANE • holds the cell together • keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell • controls what goes in and out of the cell Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it

  9. How does the cell membrane work? • Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER • Bi means two • The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids **THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread and some stuffing on the inside

  10. Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end • HYDRO = means water • PHOBIC = means afraid • PHILIC = means loving

  11. Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS • One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the water and one end “loves” being in the water. • Proteins are stuck inside the membrane • Proteins are across the bilayer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell

  12. Cell Membrane

  13. Mitochondria • Mito = Mighty / Power • The Power-House of the cell • They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live • If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria

  14. The Mitochondria structure has three main parts: OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here So…the more space it has the more energy it can create

  15. MATRIX:a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together • (like a solution) • The proteins • take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy

  16. Endoplasmic Reticulum • also known as the “ER” • it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell • There are two different • Smooth ER • Rough ER

  17. Smooth ER • Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things • Shaped slightly tubular • Creates steroids • Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced

  18. Rough ER • It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance • Bumps are called RIBOSOMES • ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them • VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a part of its membrane

  19. MOVEMENT of VESICLES **The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane 1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent out of the cell……or (exocytosis) 2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell

  20. Smooth ER vs. Rough ER

  21. Secretion Exocytosis The release of intracellular molecules (hormones or proteins) EXOCYTOSIS-

  22. OSMOSIS Osmosis- the movement of water across the cell membrane

  23. GOLGI APPARATUS • Also called the Golgi Complex • It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes WHAT DOES IT DO? 1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. 2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES

  24. GOLGI APPARATUS Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).

  25. Golgi apparatus

  26. LYSOSOMES (primarily animal) • They combine with the food taken in by the cell • Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria • The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior)

  27. LYSOSOMES • When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) • Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted • Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally • “Suicide Sacs” • UV light damages lysosome membrane • The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it

  28. LYSOSOMES

  29. Lysosome Animation

  30. CYTOPLASM Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus Cytosol: • Mostly H2O • Contains organelles • Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients

  31. CYTOPLASM cytoplasm

  32. CYTOSKELETON • Chief functions include: • movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis • maintaining the shape of the cell • keeping the cell from getting smashed

  33. CYTOSKELETON

  34. VACUOLE • Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell  • Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

  35. VACUOLE:STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS • Vacuoles in plants support structure • Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack • There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank • Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination

  36. VACUOLE CONT’D So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together.

  37. You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over HOLDING UP THE WALLS

  38. Turgor Pressure-force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall • Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells

  39. Chloroplast

  40. Chloroplast • the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells • disk-like structures • composed of a single membrane • surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks

  41. SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) • Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy • Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast

  42. Chloroplast • photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food Photosynthesis-

  43. Chloroplast • No energy transformation is 100% efficient • Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. • Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light)

  44. Centrioles: • generally appear in animal cells • they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another • when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle • they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing • as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of the cell.

  45. Centrioles

  46. Ribosomes • small dot-like structures in cells • they are often associated with forming • rough ER • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells • they are made in the nucleus of the cell • A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute

  47. Ribosome Structure • Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA) • These molecules are arranged into two subunits • These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome • When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots

  48. Types of Ribosomes • There are two kinds of ribosomes • 1) Attached to the rough ER • 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm • Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER • Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm

  49. Exercize your brain w/ Homework Questions

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