Lesson 7 (Oct. 27)

1. Lesson 7 (Oct. 27) Technical Statements in The Passive Form

2. What is the Passive Form? • Examples • He connectsthe oscilloscope to the circuit. • The oscilloscope is connected to the circuit. • The students analyzethe results ….. • The results are analyzed ….. • Weshow in Figure 3 the circuit’s response. • The circuit’s response is shown in Figure 3. Passive Passive Passive

3. Why Use the Passive Form? • The technician connectsthe oscilloscope to the circuit. • The oscilloscope is connected to the circuit. • Instead of saying: “Whodoeswhat”, • we say: “Whatis done”. • The “who” is often unimportant: • The professorteststhe circuit at 100 MHz. • The students testthe circuit at 100 MHz. • Jonas teststhe circuit at 100 MHz. • The circuit is tested at 100 MHz. Who does the test is not important in technical writing. It is understood that the authors or their associates, or somebody connected with the report do the test.

4. Not important Why Use the Passive Form? • You should mountthe sensor at the highest position. • EE students should mountthe sensor at the highest position. • Peter and Mary should mountthe sensor at the highest position. • The sensor should be mounted at the highest position. By starting the sentence with “the sensor”, we place the focus on the subject of the experiment/procedure. “Fronting:” The passive form puts the most important information in front: the What. In technical writing, at least 1/3 of verbs are in the passive form.

5. Basic Structure of the Passive Form be + past participle of a verb test be + tested verb past participle • Present passive: • The circuit is testedat 100 MHz. • Aeroplanesare testedbefore they enter commercial service. be in Present Simple Tense The Passive Form is not the past tense.

6. Passive Form ≠ Perfect Tenses Passive: be + past participle of a verb Present perfect: have + past participle of a verb Past perfect : had + past participle of a verb Compare these sentences: Passive • The circuit is testedat 100 MHz. • Hehas testedthe circuit at 100 MHz. • The aeroplanesare testedbefore they enter service. • The technicianshave tested the aeroplanesbefore they enter service. Present perfect Passive Present perfect

7. Passive Form : How to Remember in Chinese 被動詞 be ≈ “被” Passive form: be + past participle of a verb “被 tested” • The circuit is testedat 100 MHz. • The sensorshould be mountedat the highest location. “被 mounted”

8. Different Forms of the Passive The passive form can itself be in the present, past or perfect tense. The difference is in the tense of the verb be.

9. Other Forms of the Passive Difference forms of the verb be. There are many others.

10. The Past Participle: regular verbs Pronunciation: ed is pronounced only if it is preceeded by t or d. Otherwise, a silent ‘d’ is pronounced. http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/interpolate

11. Workshop 1: Irregular verbs break choose drive freeze get give shake take write broken chosen driven frozen gotten/got given shaken taken written bend build burn feel keep lose mean bent built burnt felt kept lost meant feed hold lead meet fed held led met draw fly grow know show drawn flown grown known shown do say find see make understand done said found seen made understood tear wear bring think torn worn brought thought

12. Workshop 2 • Underline the statements in passive form: Data transmission over packet networks has been widelystudied in recent years. Owing to demands in media applications, high bit rates need to be achieved. It is well known that increasing the transmission rate can be a method for providing a high bit rate. However, the through-put may be decreased as a result. This is because an increase in transmission rate leads to a reduced bit energy and, as a result, more packets will be lost. In a previous paper, we have proposed an adaptive-rate system that adapts the transmission rate to the channel condition, so that the through-put of a wireless network can be improved. Several other adaptive-rate systems have also been proposed in the literature in which the automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme have not been considered. On the other hand, because our design has considered the ARQ scheme, the through-put can be maximized if the transmission rate is optimized.

13. Workshop 3 • Rewrite in the passive form (the verbs have already been underlined): As people usually find oil deep in the ground, they cannot determine its presence by a study of the surface. Consequently, geologists must carry out a geological survey of the underground rock structure. If we think that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, we assemble a ‘drilling rig’. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is a tall tower called ‘a derrick’. Workers use the derrick to lift sections of pipe, which they lower into the hole made by the drill. As Peter drills the hole, Mary pushes a steel pipe down to prevent the sides from falling in, and to stop water entering the hole. If Professor Lumstrikes oil he fixes a cover to the top of the pipe, and allows the oil to flow through a series of valves.

14. Workshop 3 As people usually find oil deep in the ground, As oil is usually found deep in the ground, they cannot determine its presence by a study of the surface. its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, geologists must carry out a geological survey of the underground rock structure. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out . If we think that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, we assemble a ‘drilling rig’. a ‘drilling rig’ is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is a tall tower called ‘a derrick’.

15. Workshop 3 Workers use the derrick to lift sections of pipe,The derrick is used to lift sections of pipe, which they lower into the hole made by the drill. which is lowered into the hole made by the drill. As Peter drills the hole, As the hole is drilled Mary pushes a steel pipe down to prevent the sides from falling in,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in, and to stop water entering the hole. If Professor Lumstrikes oil he fixes a cover to the top of the pipe, If oil is struck a cover is fixed to the top of the pipe, and allows the oil to flow through a series of valves.and the oil is allowed to flow through a series of valves.