Lecture 12: Historical Developments 1500 – 1878

1. Lecture 12: Historical Developments 1500 – 1878 Dr. Ann T. Orlando 13 April 2010 CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

2. Introduction • Review • Global Missionary Activities • Political Developments in Europe • England • France • Germany • HRE • Italy • 19th C European Revolutions CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

3. Review: Situation Early 16th C • Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean • Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims • France and England in uneasy truce • France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France • Strong National Rulers • Francois I of France • Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands) • Henry VIII in England • Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds • Age of Spanish and Portuguese discovery and exploration CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

4. European Voyages of Discovery • Driven by economics, • Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient • Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks • In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’ • Most other Western European countries preoccupied with wars and Reformation • Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal and Spain • English defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588, ends Spanish dominance • No educated person in Europe thought the earth was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1) CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

5. Portuguese Voyages of Discovery • Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460) • Encourages exploration of West Africa • Significantly improves navigation instruments • Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487 • Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially Congo and Angola • Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan China • Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 - 1522 CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

6. Spanish Voyages of Discovery • Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492 to Caribbean • Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert ‘Indians’ • Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521 • Pizarro conquers Peru 1532 • By 1600 Spanish had • Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida) • Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

7. Role of Papacy • Recall Pope Alexander VI and Line of Demarcation, but he also • Declared that Indians have souls • Granted Kings of Spain and Portugal extensive rights in Church affairs in newly discovered lands • Strongly encourage them to include missionaries in earliest voyages • Pope Paul III in 1537 Affirmed the right of Indians to liberty and property • Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645 • Pope Gregory XIV encouraged ordination of native sons in 1576; even if illegitimate • Pope Gregory XV established Congregation of Faith in 1622 to encourage missions, especially process of enculturation as Spanish and Portuguese power waned CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

8. Church Missions: Orient • Jesuits followed the Portuguese; early leader was St. Francis Xavier • Strong oriental governments meant Europeans established trading centers • Missionaries confronted with ancient and strong religions • Question for Church: how much native culture and religious view point to incorporate into Christianity • Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 encouraged adoption of much of Chinese culture • Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645 CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

9. Development of Missions in Western Hemisphere • As ‘easy money’ quickly removed from Latin America, conquistadors start to oppress Indians • Required cheap labor for farms and mines • Developed the encomienda system that forced Indian households to render service to individuals • One step away from slavery • In 1511 Dominican Antonio Montesinos protested against this practice • Result was that the Spanish government issued a law in 1512 that described Indians as free men, not slaves • To further protect the Indians, missionaries started to settle Indians around churches CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

10. Bartolome de las Casa (1474–1566) Dominican Fought for just treatment of Indians in Caribbean and Mexico Apparition of Mary to Juan Diego at Guadalupe Mexico, 1531 St. Peter Claver (1580–1654) Jesuit in Columbia; ministry to slaves from Africa St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617) and St. Martin de Porres (1579-1639) in Peru Blessed Junipero Serra (1713-1784) Franciscan, established California missions Important Saints and Church Leaders in Spanish America CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

11. Early missionaries recognized the importance of elaborate ceremonies to Aztecs Developed liturgy with very colorful ceremonies Incorporated Indian artistic styles into Church decorations Example: Cusco Cathedral in Peru, painting of Last Supper By 1600 estimated to be 7,000,000 Indians who were calling themselves Catholic Christians agro.biodiver.se/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/cuy.jpg Development of Uniquely Latin Style of Catholicism CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

12. Late 16th C Spanish and Portuguese Missions CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

13. Political Developments in Europe (1500 – 1850) • England: Tudors, Revolution, Restoration with broader democracy, American Revolution, King as head of State • France: Strong Kings, Revolution, Napoleon, Restoration, Revolution, Democracy, sometimes King as head of State • Germany: Separate Duchies, Revolution, Strong National Leader (Bismarck), King as head of State • Italy: Separate states; Revolution; National Unity with Democracy, end of Papal States, King as Head of State CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

14. England 16th C • Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547 • 1531 declares himself head of Church • Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine; • Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V • Returns England to Catholicism as official religion • Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V) • ‘Bloody Mary’ because she executes prominent Anglicans accused of treason • Dies 1558 • Elizabeth reigns, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn • Reigns 1558-1603 • Return to Anglicanism CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

15. English Rulers 17th – 19th C • Charles I reign 1625-1649 • King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans) and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell • Charles I executed 1649 • Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660 • Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1688 • Persecution of Puritans • George III reigns 1760-1820 • American Revolution • Queen Victoria 1837-1901 • During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy • By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

16. Philosophical Giant: John Locke (1632 – 1704) • Epistemology: how do we know? • Through our senses and more specifically our experiences • At birth mind is a blank slate • Simple ideas come from senses, mind builds more complex ideas from simple ones • But experience can be communal; does not have to be personal • Political Science • Man born with God-given rights of life, liberty and possessions (broadly defined) • Second Treatise on Government profoundly influential • Letter on Toleration • Strongly believed in natural law as basis for human laws • Theology; deeply religious, believed that revelation was ‘real’ • Above human reason (revelation) • Contrary to reason • According to reason CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

17. Puritan sermons in 18th C America frequently referred to “the great Mr. Locke” Early colonial Constitution of Carolinas written by Locke Voltaire considered Locke one of the most important men of the previous generation One of Thomas Jefferson’s three heroes (the other two being Bacon and Newton) John Adams thought John Locke one of most important men who ever lived 18th C American and French Political Philosophy Based on Locke CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

18. American Revolution:New Political Structures • American Revolution (1776-1781), based on philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704) • Champion of individual rights • Religious toleration • Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion and politics in America • Most States had an official religion; see for instance John Adams’ Constitution of Massachusetts • First Amendment to U.S. Constitution says only that Congress will not establish a religion; • Thomas Jefferson extends this to separation of Church and State (1803) CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

19. American Election of 1800 Choice over: Adams vs. Jefferson: Role of Religion in Society and Duties vs Rights CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

20. France 17th, 18th C • Francois I reigns 1515-1547 • Henry IV reigns 1584-1610 • Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants • Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715 • Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu • Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne • Encouraged Gallicanism • Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength • Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France • French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne • Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792 • Paris center of France • Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas • Supports American Revolution • Economic depression, leading to Revolution • Executed during Revolution CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

21. French Revolution (1789-1799):Extreme Enlightenment • Impetus comes from group of 18th C French philosophers: philosophes (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Turgot, Condorcet) • Philosophes embraced John Locke and science; encouraged by American Revolution • Franklin, Paine, Jefferson and Adams in France; • But…Adams writes against Turgot and Condorcet and notion of progress without sense of duty, In Defense of Constitutions • While…Jefferson supports the philosophes and the Terror • ‘Reason’ used as a weapon against ‘throne and altar’ • Voltaire’s ‘Smile of Reason’ turns into glare of tyranny • Individual rights and toleration get replaced by suspicion of ‘enemy of people’ and a new ‘religion’; • Active persecution of Church • New religion of reason • Notre Dame turned into a temple to reason • Name of months changed (Charlemagne!) • ‘Superstition’ outlawed • French Revolution deeply shakes Catholicism; memory still does CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

22. French Enlightenment: Extreme Violence 1792 - 1794 • Instrument of terror: guillotine • People like Voltaire and Locke who argued for more humane methods of execution • Dr. Joseph Guillotin proposed a machine for this purpose to French Assembly in 1789 • ‘Scientific’ design to be effective and merciful • First the aristocracy: Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, executed along with their children • Next clergy and religious who refused to ‘convert’ to religion of reason • Then those who disagree with ruling elite (Jacobins execute Girondins) • Robespierre takes control of Committee for Public Safety • Finally the ruling elite themselves • France degenerates into chaos; pulled out of chaos by Napoleon CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

23. France 19th Century • Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe: from Spain to Egypt to Russia • Gains control 1799 • Restores Catholicism (sort of) • Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803 • Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804 • Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814 • France after Napoleon • Brief restoration of monarchy • Revolution 1848 • French Republics • Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane) CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

24. Napoleon’s Conquestswww.euroheritage.net/napoleonicempire.jpg CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

25. Holy Roman Empire • Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two • Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I • Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor) • Wars between Catholic and German parts of Germany; Thirty Years was between France and Germany • As a result of Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, ending 30 years War • Affirmation of Treaty of Augsburg • Germany and Central Europe divided into 200 independent pieces • For next 100 years many wars over territory and succession • Prussia becomes dominant force among Lutheran German States • Frederick the Great reign 1740-1786 • Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany • After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, • Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states • Revolution of 1848 • Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 • King as figure head CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

26. Italy • In 16th C Italy composed of powerful city-States • Papal States • Florence, Naples, Venice • Charles V invades Italy in 1527 and establishes rulers in Naples and northern Italy allied with HRE • 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States • 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States • Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification • King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 • Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

27. Papacy 16th and 17th C • Paul III, pope 1543-1549 • Concerned about reform of Church • Approved Jesuits • Called Council of Trent • Popes 17th and 18th C faced with rising ‘national’ Catholicism • Gallicanism (France) • Febronianism (Germany) • Josephism (HRE) CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

28. Papacy in 18th and 19th C • Tension between national interests and universal Church interests leads to suppression of Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV • After Napoleon, Catholic countries view papacy as politically stabilizing force; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States • Papacy becomes increasingly ‘conservative’ in reaction to liberal European political and social turmoil during 18th and 19th C • Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) tries to ban railroads from papal states CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

29. Pope Pius IX, 1846-1878 • Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 • Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) • Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought • Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church • Convenes Vatican I in 1869 • Loses Papal States in 1870 • Beatified along with Pope John XXIII in 2000 CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

30. Readings • Vidmar (pp 241-289) • Sepulveda and de las Casas • Francis Xavier Letters • John Locke Letter of Toleration or Second Treatise on Government • Jefferson Letter to Danbury Baptists • Civil Constitution of Clergy and St. Just • McManners Ch 9 (pp 301-340) CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878