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Argumentation

Explore the fundamentals of argumentation, from developing proof to identifying fallacies. Learn about sign, casual, analogy, and example arguments, and how to leverage evidence effectively. Dive into the art of reasoning and avoid common pitfalls in debates.

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Argumentation

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  1. Argumentation Developing Proof

  2. Fallacies • Fallacies are errors in reasoning. • These result from drawing unjustified implications from the evidence.

  3. Argument • Argument concerns the meaning of evidence, the manner in which facts are related in order to produce a conclusion.

  4. Four Kinds of Argument • #1:The argument from sign: • If fact A exists, it’s a reliable indication that fact B also exists. • A sign : a clue. • The fact that Jo’s car is parked outside her house may be taken as a sign that Jo is home.

  5. #1:Sign Argument • Based on the generalization that all cases of A are indications of B. • Sign arguments affirm that an assertion is true. • Debaters use this type argument to establish that a problem exists or that a value is held.

  6. #2:Casual Argument • Casual: • Asserts that if fact A exists, it will cause fact B to follow. • The fact that Jo’s car ran out of gas may be taken as a cause for her car to stop.

  7. #2:Casual Argument • Based on the generalization that all cases of A will be followed by B. • Very strong argument if you can establish a connective link between A and B. • Asserting such a causal link is easy. Proving it is difficult because many B’s do not have a single cause A to point to, instead probably have a variety of causes.

  8. #2:Casual Argument • Causal arguments declare why an assertion is true. • Debate speakers use causal arguments to establish why the problem exists and why the proposed solution will work or why a certain value structure exists and what the impacts of having such a value would be.

  9. #3 Argument from Analogy • Asserts that if the fact relating to A and the facts relating to B are alike in certain known respects, they will also be alive in another respect. • From the fact that Jo’s 1985 Toyota gets 35MPG, the conclusion may be drawn that my 1985 Toyota gets 35 MPG.

  10. #3 Argument from Analogy • Arguments from analogy are based on the generalization that if specific instances are compared and found to be alike in a number of essential and relevant respects. • They will also be alike in others, particularly the one under discussion.

  11. #3 Argument from Analogy • Problem: all analogies are ultimately false, for no two things or circumstances are ever exactly alike. If they were exactly alike, they would be the same thing. • The debater must establish that the similarities are close enough to be significant. For this reason, analogy is best used to clarify or add interest since it is weak in establishing proof.

  12. #4 Argument from Example • Example: is the reasoning process that provides the generalizations upon which the deductive arguments are based. • After observing Jo wash her car each Saturday morning for six weeks, you might generalize that Jo always washes her car on Saturday mornings.

  13. #4 Argument from Example • Asserts a generalization. • The debate speaker uses examples to support general assertions on which causal and sign arguments may be used.

  14. The Relationship of Evidence to Argument • The interplay of types is based on the type of argument being offered and the type of support necessary or available.

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