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TLO. Given a deployed MS-360 or TR-375 canopy, with or without combat equipment and / or oxygen equipment, perform proper canopy control procedures from opening to landing.. . ELOs. Know post opening proceduresUnderstand theory of flight dynamicsKnow factors affecting flightKnow canopy controlKn
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1. THEORY OF FLIGHT AND CANOPY CONTROL MS-360/TR-375
2. TLO Given a deployed MS-360 or TR-375 canopy, with or without combat equipment and / or oxygen equipment, perform proper canopy control procedures from opening to landing.
3. ELOs Know post opening procedures
Understand theory of flight dynamics
Know factors affecting flight
Know canopy control
Know factors affecting control Know traffic and landing patterns
Know normal landing procedures
Know normal recovery procedures
4. Normal Deployment Sequence Deploy Pilot Chute and begin count to 6 sec
Snatch force when dome slider inflates
Snivel while slider remains inflated up high
Inflation begins & slider begins come down after 6 seconds of snivel time
Canopy should continue to show progress
Canopy takes up to 1000 ft. to fully deploy
5. Post Opening Procedures Grasp rear risers upon opening
Clear air space visually, turn with rear riser if necessary to avoid another jumper
Check canopy visually for defects
6. Check Canopy Visually Shape: Is the canopy fully open,
and rectangular (elliptical)?
Stable: Is the canopy flying straight and stable?
Serviceable: Identify any torn fabric or broken lines?
7. Gain Canopy Control Grab toggles
Release the deployment brakes by pulling all toggles all the way down
Conduct a controllability check
8. Controllability Check Look left, turn left 90°
Look right, turn right 90°
Bring all toggles to a full flare
Find the stall point by holding all the toggles all the way down for 4 seconds
9. Controllability Check 50% Rule
If the canopy requires more than 50% opposite toggle to counter a turn, the canopy is considered uncontrollable
If the canopy stalls prior to 50% brakes, the canopy is considered uncontrollable
10. Slider Movement Pump slider down with rear risers upon initial deployment
If brakes are already released, flare completely to bring slider down
If slider will not come down close enough to reach, disregard and let it flap
11. Toggle Input Turns will be more responsive in nature and may require opposite toggle to stop on heading
You should fly the canopy with the primary toggles only and take control of the flare toggles prior to entering the landing pattern
12. Theory Of Flight Nose
Openings in the front form the air intake
Allows the cells to be ram-air inflated
Internal air pressure pushes a small amount of air ahead of the airfoil
Stagnation point deflects relative air above and below the airfoil
13. Theory Of Flight Bernoulli’s Principle says that a fast moving fluid creates less pressure than a slow moving fluid
Lift is the force that resists Gravity
Drag is the force that that resists Thrust
14. Theory Of Flight The parafoil parachute system is a ram air inflated, fabric airfoil that generates lift by moving forward through the air
It develops lift over its curved upper surface by creating a lower pressure than air moving under the wing at a slower speed
15. Theory Of Flight The ram air parafoil maintains its “angle of attack” by the relative lengths of the suspension lines being shorter at the nose than those at the tail of the wing
This “angle of attack” creates artificial “thrust”
16. Factors Affecting Flight Drag
Retards the canopy’s forward air speed
Friction created by air flow over the canopy, lines, parachutist and equipment
Turbulence, wind shear, humidity, etc.
Suspended weight increases airspeed which in turn, increases drag as well
Age of the canopy (F111 vs Zero-P)
17. Glide Ratio Comparison The MS-360 has a flatter glide slope than the MC5, shown here in medium winds
The MS-360 has a glide slope of approximately 3 to 1
18. Performance Specifications Average airspeed for MS-360 is 23 knots
Higher weight increases airspeed
Higher altitude increases actual speed
Maximum winds for jump operations is 18 knots
19. Factors Affecting Control Wind direction
Wind speed / velocity
Manipulation of the canopy
Turbulence
Dust Devils
Go full flight, attain maximum airspeed
21. Wind Cone Get into the wind cone immediately after completing the controllability check
Get onto appropriate heading immediately before collapsing the slider
Stay in front of the “T” or “V” until 1,500 ft.
When in front of the landing direction indicator, you are in the wind cone
22. Flight Plan Always remain upwind in the wind cone
Use the 45° rule for positioning
Holding / Running / Crabbing
Use “S” turns only when appropriate
Perform penetration checks every 1000’
Begin the landing pattern at 1,500 feet
Use flat (braked) turns when appropriate
23. Canopy Grouping Locate low man or stick leader upon completion of the controllability check
Steer towards leader to reduce distance
Turn in behind the stack and into position
25 meters behind and offset up and side
Use front riser trim tabs to reduce altitude and maintain position with canopy ahead
Flare toggles may be used during HAHO jumps
24. Front Riser Trim Tabs Pull red handles on front risers to increase descent rate and forward dive angle
Match descent angle of canopy ahead
Can also prevent backing up in high winds
Canopy may buck when all the way down
Release by squeezing metal buckle
Release completely before landing
25. Alternate Landing Areas Know where to go if L, R, Long or Short
Decide with enough altitude to be on final approach by the 500 ft. rule
Grouping, land with others for safety
Don’t have a case of “Getbackitus”
(It can be a deadly disease)
If in doubt, don’t stretch it out!
26. Traffic and Landing Patterns Assess the traffic and wind situation
Use 45 degree angles for positioning
Keep your eyes open and watching for traffic in all directions, at all times
Remember the flare toggles for landing
27. Landing Pattern Downwind leg starts approx 1,500 feet
Base leg turn at approximately 750 feet
Final approach turn at approximately 500’
The landing pattern legs may need to be extended slightly due to the better glide
Turn altitudes are approximate and are based on position and winds
28. Landing Pattern Pre-plan landing pattern over DZ, avoiding obstacles if possible
Be prepared to enter the landing pattern at different points in the legs
Watch for opposing landing patterns
No radical turns below 2000 feet
29. Landing 100’ Rule
If making braked approach, let canopy go to full flight to gain airspeed
If flare toggles are not in hand, do not try to get them, flare w/primary toggles
Minor heading corrections of less than 10 degrees only
30. Final Approach Leave enough space to overshoot target
Do not line up with any obstacles ahead
If overshoot is imminent, use “S” turns to lose altitude while not affecting others
Do not turn away from target when making “S” turns, always turn toward target
75% brakes may be used to shorten glide
31. Landing Flare height and timing
Start to flare at approximately 15’
Flare slowly and smoothly, matching the speed at which the ground is coming up
In low winds, the canopy may level off and plane across the ground as airspeed bleeds off before touchdown
Stop flare only after feet are firmly down
32. Landing If flare is initiated too soon, hold toggles down and prepare for PLF
Canopy should not stall, it is not necessary to let the toggles up?????????
If flare is initiated too soon, but is recognized before completing, hold what you got, then continue when ground starts to come up to you
33. Recovery Procedures Once your feet are on the ground, reach up and push the risers to one side while stepping to the opposite direction
Undo the leg straps and reconnect the quick ejector snaps
Daisy chain the lines below the slider
Place the canopy in the kit bag (if used), tail first, and snap it shut, don’t zip it
34. Questions?
35. Review What is your first procedure after the canopy is inflated and flying?
36. Review
37. Review Q. How does the MS-360 perform differently than the MC-5 during turns?
38. Review A. It is much more responsive
39. Summary Post opening procedures
Theory of flight dynamics
Factors affecting flight
Canopy control
Factors affecting control Traffic and landing patterns
Normal landing procedures
Normal recovery procedures